wbc.pdf

White Blood Cells Leukocytes commonly known as a white blood cell (or WBC) a major component of the body’s defenses against disease. protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris Myeloblast 14-20um N:C ratio 4:1 Round/o...

White Blood Cells Leukocytes commonly known as a white blood cell (or WBC) a major component of the body’s defenses against disease. protect the body against invading microorganisms and body cells with mutated DNA, and they clean up debris Myeloblast 14-20um N:C ratio 4:1 Round/oval nucleus with fine reddish-purple staining chromatin 2-5 nucleoli Dark blue cytoplasm No cytoplasmic granules Subtype of Myeloblast Type I N:C ration of 8:1 to 4:1 No visible granules, fine nuclear chromatin, 2-4 nucleoli Type II Shows dispersed primary granules in cytoplasm Granules does not exceed 20 per cell Type III Darker chromatin and more purple cytoplasm Contain more than 20 granules that do not obscure the nucleus  Promyelocyte 16-25 um N:C ratio 3:1 Round/oval nucleus with slightly coarsening chromatin 1-3 nucleoli Dark blue cytoplasm Cytoplasm has large, nonspecific/primary granules containing myeloperoxidase.  Myelocyte First stage where granulocyte types can be differentiated into eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils 15-18 um N:C ratio 1:1 Round nucleus with coarse chromatin Light blue to light pink cytoplasm Cytoplasm has specific/secondary granules that contain hydrolytic enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase and lysozyme Metamyelocyte 14-16 um N:C ratio 1.5:1 Nucleus is indented in a kidney bean shape and has coarse, clumped chromatin. Nuclear indent is less than half the width of a hypothetical round nucleus. Cytoplasm is pink and filled with pale blue to pink specific/secondary granules. Band neutrophil 9-15 um N:C ratio 1:2 Nucleus is "C" or "S"-shaped with coarse, clumped chromatin lacking segmentation Nuclear indent is greater than half the width of a hypothetical round nucleus Cytoplasm is pink and filled with pale blue to pink specific/secondary granules  Neutrophils most common of all the leukocytes 50–70 percent of total leukocyte count with 3-5 lobes connected by thin filaments Cytoplasm is pink and filled with small, pale blue to pink specific/ secondary granules Neutrophils rapid responders to the site of infection and are efficient phagocytes with a preference for bacteria granules include lysozyme, oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide; and defensins Abnormally high counts of neutrophils indicate infection and/or inflammation, particularly triggered by bacteria, but are also found in burn patients and others experiencing unusual stress Barr body appears as a small drumstick-like projection on one of the lobes of some neutrophils in females. Barr bodies are attached to the nuclear lobe by a single narrow stalk, which distinguishes them from other thicker projections, sometimes referred to as "clubs." Since Barr bodies are the morphological expression of the inactivated X chromosome, Barr bodies (one per neutrophil) can be seen in up to 3% of the neutrophils on a female's peripheral blood slide Eosinophils Nucleus is usually bilobed Cytoplasm contains large, bright red-orange, secondary granules that contain enzymes and proteins. 1-3 percent of total leukocyte count. Eosinophils High counts of eosinophils are typical of patients experiencing allergies, parasitic worm infestations, and some autoimmune diseases granules of eosinophils include antihistamine molecules, which counteract the activities of histamines, inflammatory chemicals produced by basophils and mast cells Basophils the least common leukocytes typically comprising less than one percent of the total leukocyte count contain large granules that pick up a dark blue stain and are so common they may make it difficult to see the two-lobed nucleus Basophils granules of basophils release histamines, which contribute to inflammation, and heparin, which opposes blood clotting High counts of basophils are associated with allergies, parasitic infections, and hypothyroidism Eosinophil Degranulate Basophil Secondary granules Histamine Platelet-activating factor Leukotriene C4 Interleukin 4 Interleukin 3 Mast cell Granulocyte Kinetics The term kinetics refers to the movements of cells through developmental stages, into the circulation, and from the circulation to the tissues and includes the time spent in each phase of the cell’s life Monocytes normally represent 2–11 percent of the total leukocyte count They are typically easily recognized by their large size and indented or horseshoe- shaped nuclei Abnormally high counts of monocytes are associated with viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, and some forms of leukemia and other chronic diseases Maturation and Morphology of Monocytes Monoblast Earliest recognizable monocyte precursor 12-20 um N:C ratio 4:1 or 3:1 Round/oval eccentric nucleus with fine chromatin; 1-2 nucleoli Dark blue cytoplasm; may have a gray tint; no cytoplasmic granules Promonocyte 12-18 um;N:C ratio 3:1 or 2:1 Irregularly shaped, indented nucleus with fine chromatin; 0-1 nucleoli Blue to gray cytoplasm; fine azurophilic granules Monocytes 15-20um Appear larger than neutrophils Cytoplasm is blue-gray, with fine azure granules often referred to as azure dust or a ground-glass appearance Round. Oval, kidney shaped, or horse shoe shaped nucleus Lymphocytes only formed element of blood that arises from lymphoid stem cells the second most common type of leukocyte, accounting for about 18-42 percent of all leukocytes, and are essential for the immune response Maturation and Morphology of Lymphocytes Lymphoblast 10-18um; N:C ratio 4:1 Round/oval eccentric nucleus with fine chromatin; 1 or 2 nucleoli Dark blue cytoplasm; no cytoplasmic granules Prolymphocyte May be the same size of the lymphoblast or smaller Moderate to dark blue cytoplasm Round or oval nucleus May contain 1-2 nucleoli Lymphocyte Not end cell Make up between 18-42 percent of circulating leukocytes with an absolute number of 0.8 to 4.8 x 10^9/L Cell Image Nucleus Cytoplasm Large Oval, round, Sky-blue lympho- indented, Clear, cyte "stretched transparent Deep purplish- No granules or blue azurophilic Dense (reddish) granules Infrequent vacuoles Cytoplasm may be indented by surrounding cells Mono- Round, oval, Blue-gray cyte indented, Cloudy, convoluted opaque, Pale purplish- "ground-glass" blue appearance Fine, lacy, Fine granules spongy Frequent vacuoles Cytoplasm may have pseudopods