Medical Terminology Related to Blood and Immunity PDF

Medical Terms Related to Blood and Immunity Introduction to Blood Definition of Blood: Blood is the circulatory fluid that delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products from tissues. Main Components of Blood: Plasma: 55% (Water, proteins, hormones) Formed Elements: 45% (Re...

Medical Terms Related to Blood and Immunity Introduction to Blood Definition of Blood: Blood is the circulatory fluid that delivers oxygen and nutrients while removing waste products from tissues. Main Components of Blood: Plasma: 55% (Water, proteins, hormones) Formed Elements: 45% (Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) Blood cells Types of Blood Cells: Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells): Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells): Immunity and defense against infection. Thrombocytes (Platelets): Key role in clotting (hemostasis). Immunity Definition: Protection against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances. Types of Immunity: Innate Immunity: Non-specific, inborn defenses like skin and mucus. Adaptive Immunity: Acquired defense specific to certain pathogens.  Components of Adaptive Immunity Key Cells: T Cells: Provide cell-mediated immunity, directly attacking foreign invaders. B Cells: Responsible for humoral immunity, producing antibodies. Medical Terminology Related to Blood Common Roots: Hem/o, Hemat/o: Blood (e.g., hemopathy) Erythr/o: Red (e.g., erythropoiesis) Thromb/o: Clot (e.g., thrombosis) Leuk/o: White (e.g., leukocytosis). Medical Terminology Related to Blood & Immunity Hematocrit: The proportion of red blood cells in the blood. Hemostasis: The process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation. Medical Terminology Related to Immunity Immun/o: Refers to immunity or immune systems. Example Terms: Immunization: Process of inducing immunity. Immunoglobulin (Ig): Antibody proteins that protect against infections. Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response. Antibody (Immunoglobulin): A protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens like bacteria and viruses. Neutropenia: A decrease in the number of neutrophils, a type of white blood cell, making the body more vulnerable to infections. Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections. Lymphocyte – A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.  Disorders Related to Blood Anemia: Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. Leukemia: Cancer involving overproduction of white blood cells.  Disorders Related to Immunity Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system attacks the body’s own cells. Immunodeficiency Disorders: A weakened immune system, as seen in (human immunodeficiency virus) HIV.  -phylaxis: Refers to protection or prevention. Example: Prophylaxis – Treatment given or action taken to prevent disease. Example: Anaphylaxis – A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. Lymph/o: Referring to lymph or the lymphatic system, part of the immune system. Example: Lymphocyte – A type of white blood cell involved in immune response. Example: Lymphadenopathy – Disease affecting the lymph nodes. -globulin: Refers to proteins involved in immune response. Example: Immunoglobulin – Antibodies that play a critical role in immune response.  Example: Gamma globulin – A substance containing antibodies given for passive immunity. Auto-: Prefix meaning "self." Example: Autoimmune – When the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. Example: Autoantibodies – Antibodies produced by the immune system that attack the body’s own cells. -cytosis: Refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells. Example: Leukocytosis – An abnormal increase in white blood cells.  Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance. Example: Hypersensitivity reaction – Immune responses that result in damage to tissues, ranging from mild to severe (e.g., anaphylaxis).  Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia Patient Information: Name: Jane Smith Age: 45 years Gender: Female (F) Occupation: Office Worker Presenting Complaint: Jane Smith presents to the clinic with a 2-month history of fatigue, shortness of breath on exertion, and frequent headaches. She has also noticed increased dizziness, especially when standing up quickly. She reports feeling unusually tired despite sleeping well.  Investigations: Complete Blood Count (CBC): Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL (normal: 12-15 g/dL) Hematocrit: 28% (normal: 36-46%) Ferritin: 8 ng/mL (normal: 20-200 ng/mL) Iron levels: Low Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding). Plan: Treatment: 1. Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months. Thank you