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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Which component of blood makes up approximately 55% of its volume?
Which component of blood makes up approximately 55% of its volume?
What type of immunity is considered non-specific and inborn?
What type of immunity is considered non-specific and inborn?
What is the role of B cells in the immune system?
What is the role of B cells in the immune system?
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What does the term 'hematocrit' refer to in medical terminology?
What does the term 'hematocrit' refer to in medical terminology?
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What characterizes autoimmune diseases?
What characterizes autoimmune diseases?
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What type of blood cell is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
What type of blood cell is primarily involved in allergic reactions?
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Which condition is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells?
Which condition is characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells?
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What does the term phylaxis refer to?
What does the term phylaxis refer to?
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Which statement about autoimmune conditions is correct?
Which statement about autoimmune conditions is correct?
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What is the significance of immunoglobulins in the immune system?
What is the significance of immunoglobulins in the immune system?
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What abnormality in blood tests indicates iron deficiency anemia?
What abnormality in blood tests indicates iron deficiency anemia?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of leukocytosis?
Which of the following is a characteristic of leukocytosis?
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Which symptom is NOT typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?
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What treatment is recommended for Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?
What treatment is recommended for Jane Smith's iron deficiency anemia?
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What does lymphadenopathy refer to?
What does lymphadenopathy refer to?
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Study Notes
Blood Composition
- Blood is the circulatory fluid that transports oxygen, nutrients, and removes waste products.
- Blood is made up of plasma (55%) and formed elements (45%).
- Plasma contains water, proteins, and hormones.
- Formed elements include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Blood Cell Types
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) carry oxygen and carbon dioxide.
- Leukocytes (white blood cells) are involved in immunity and defense against infections.
- T Cells provide cell-mediated immunity, attacking foreign invaders directly.
- B Cells create antibodies as part of humoral immunity, neutralizing pathogens.
- Thrombocytes (platelets) play a vital role in blood clotting (hemostasis).
Immunity: Protection from Harm
- Immunity refers to the body's protection against harmful microorganisms and foreign substances.
- Innate immunity is the body's non-specific, inborn defenses like skin and mucus membranes.
- Adaptive immunity is acquired defense, specific to particular pathogens.
Medical Terminology Related to Blood
- Hem/o, Hemat/o: Refer to blood.
- Erythr/o: Refers to red.
- Thromb/o: Refers to clot.
- Leuk/o: Refers to white.
Hematology Terms
- Hematocrit: The percentage of red blood cells in the blood.
- Hemostasis: The process of stopping bleeding, including blood clot formation.
Medical Terminology Related to Immunity
- Immun/o: Refers to immunity or the immune system.
Immunity Terms
- Immunization: The process of inducing immunity.
- Immunoglobulin (Ig): Antibody proteins that protect against infections.
- Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response.
- Antibody (Immunoglobulin): A protein produced by B cells that helps neutralize pathogens.
- Neutropenia: A decrease in neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), making the body more susceptible to infections.
- Eosinophil: A type of white blood cell involved in allergic reactions and fighting parasitic infections.
- Lymphocyte: A type of white blood cell involved in immune response.
Blood Disorders
- Anemia: Deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.
- Leukemia: Cancer involving the overproduction of white blood cells.
Immune System Disorders
- Autoimmune Diseases: The immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own cells.
- Immunodeficiency Disorders: A weakened immune system, as seen in HIV.
Common Medical Suffixes
- -phylaxis: Refers to protection or prevention (e.g., Prophylaxis, Anaphylaxis).
- Lymph/o: Refers to lymph or the lymphatic system (e.g., Lymphocyte, Lymphadenopathy).
- -globulin: Refers to proteins involved in immune response (e.g., Immunoglobulin, Gamma globulin) .
- Auto-: Prefix meaning "self" (e.g., Autoimmune, Autoantibodies).
- -cytosis: Refers to an abnormal increase in the number of cells (e.g., Leukocytosis).
Hypersensitivity
- Hypersensitivity: An exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance.
- Hypersensitivity reaction: Immune responses that result in tissue damage, ranging from mild to severe (e.g., anaphylaxis).
Clinical Case: Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Patient: Jane Smith, 45 years old, office worker.
- Presenting Complaint: Fatigue, shortness of breath, frequent headaches, dizziness, feeling tired despite adequate sleep.
- Investigations:
- Hemoglobin: 9.0 g/dL (normal: 12-15 g/dL)
- Hematocrit: 28% (normal: 36-46%)
- Ferritin: 8 ng/mL (normal: 20-200 ng/mL)
- Iron levels: Low
- Diagnosis: Iron Deficiency Anemia secondary to chronic blood loss from menorrhagia (heavy menstrual bleeding).
- Treatment: Ferrous sulfate 325 mg PO daily for 3 months.
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Description
Explore the fascinating components of blood, including plasma and formed elements like red and white blood cells. This quiz also delves into the immune system, highlighting the roles of T Cells and B Cells in defending the body against infections.
