Information Systems for Business (BBA, Semester 6) PDF

Information Systems for Business Unit – 04 System Design Semester-06 Bachelors of Business Administration  Information Systems for Business...

Information Systems for Business Unit – 04 System Design Semester-06 Bachelors of Business Administration  Information Systems for Business JGI x UNIT System Design Names of Sub-Unit General aspects, Code number system, logical file subsystem, Architecture of system, Audit and security, Computer scheduling of work, Saving and cost of latest system, documentation of latest system. Overview Explore the fundamentals of information systems, covering code numbering, logical file subsystems, system architecture, audit and security measures, computer scheduling, and the economic aspects of the latest systems, all with a focus on documentation. Learning Objectives  Understand the code numbering system and its role in information systems.  Explore the logical file subsystem and its impact on data organization.  Comprehend the architecture of information systems for effective design and implementation.  Gain insights into audit, security, scheduling, and cost-saving measures in contemporary systems. 2 UNIT 04: System Design Learning Outcomes Upon completing this course, participants will  Demonstrate proficiency in implementing and managing a code numbering system.  Design and implement an efficient logical file subsystem for data organization.  Evaluate and choose appropriate architectural components for an information system.  Implement robust audit, security, and scheduling measures, optimizing system costs. Pre-Unit Preparatory Material  "Information Systems Architecture" by Michael E. Whitman and Amy B. Woszczynski.  "Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management" by Carlos Coronel and Steven Morris. Table of topics 4.1 General aspects 4.2 Code number system - System designs 4.3 Logical File Subsystem 4.4 Architecture of system, 4.5 Audit and security, 4.6 Computer Scheduling Of Work, 4.7 Saving and cost of latest system, 4.8 Documentation Of Latest System 4.9 Conclusion: 3  Information Systems for Business JGI 4.1 General aspects General aspects of system design encompass various key considerations that shape the overall structure and functionality of an information system. Here's a detailed explanation:  Purpose and Scope:  Identify the purpose and goals of the system, aligning it with organizational objectives.  Define the scope by outlining the boundaries and functionalities of the system.  User Requirements:  Conduct thorough analysis to understand user needs and expectations.  Define user requirements, ensuring that the system addresses the intended audience.  Feasibility Study:  Assess the feasibility of the proposed system in terms of technical, economic, and operational aspects.  Analyze potential risks and benefits to make informed decisions.  System Architecture:  Determine the overall structure and components of the system.  Choose an appropriate architecture, such as client-server or peer-to-peer, based on scalability and performance requirements.  Data Design:  Design the data architecture, including databases and data storage mechanisms.  Define data relationships, constraints, and normalization to ensure data integrity.  Input and Output Design:  Specify the input methods for data entry and the output formats for presenting information.  Consider user interface design to enhance usability and user experience.  Processing Logic:  Develop algorithms and processing logic to handle data transformations and business rules.  Optimize processing efficiency for timely and accurate results.  Security Considerations:  Integrate security measures to protect data and ensure system integrity. 4 UNIT 04: System Design  Implement authentication, authorization, and encryption mechanisms as part of the design.  Scalability and Flexibility:  Design the system to accommodate future growth and changes in user requirements.  Ensure scalability by adopting modular and flexible architectures.  Documentation:  Create comprehensive documentation covering system design specifications, data dictionaries, and user manuals.  Facilitate easier maintenance, troubleshooting, and future enhancements.  Testing and Validation:  Develop a robust testing plan to validate the functionality and performance of the system.  Conduct thorough testing at various stages, including unit testing, integration testing, and system testing.  Implementation Plan:  Outline a step-by-step implementation plan, considering factors like data migration and user training.  Ensure a smooth transition from the old system to the new one.  Maintenance and Support:  Establish a framework for ongoing maintenance, addressing bug fixes, updates, and user support.  Plan for regular evaluations to incorporate feedback and improvements. General aspects of system design involve a holistic approach, considering user needs, technical feasibility, security, scalability, and effective documentation to create a robust and efficient information system. 4.2 Code number system - System designs The code numbering system is a crucial aspect of system design that involves assigning unique identifiers to various elements within the system. Here's a detailed explanation of the code numbering system in the context of system design:  Definition of Code Number System: 5  Information Systems for Business JGI  A code numbering system is a methodical way of assigning and organizing unique codes or identifiers to different entities within a system.  It facilitates the efficient identification and retrieval of information, providing a structured approach to data management.  Purpose and Significance:  The primary purpose is to uniquely identify and distinguish each entity within the system, such as products, customers, transactions, or records.  Enables quick referencing, sorting, and searching, contributing to data integrity and system efficiency.  Types of Codes:  Sequential Codes: Assigned in a numerical sequence, often reflecting the order of creation or entry.  Alphanumeric Codes: Combine letters and numbers to create more versatile and easily recognizable codes.  Hierarchical Codes: Reflect the hierarchy or relationships among entities by incorporating levels or categories in the code.  Design Considerations:  Uniqueness: Codes must be unique to avoid confusion and ensure accurate identification.  Conciseness: Strive for concise codes that convey relevant information without unnecessary complexity.  Compatibility: Align the code structure with the overall system architecture and data requirements.  Scalability: Design codes that can accommodate future expansions and changes in the system.  Implementation in Different Modules:  Product/Item Codes: Assign unique codes to products or items for inventory and sales tracking.  Customer Codes: Generate identifiers for customers to streamline customer relationship management.  Transaction Codes: Use codes for tracking and categorizing various types of transactions within the system.  Integration with Data Design:  Integrate the code numbering system with the overall data design, ensuring consistency and coherence in data organization. 6 UNIT 04: System Design  Establish relationships between coded entities, supporting relational database design principles.  Maintenance and Updating:  Develop protocols for maintaining and updating codes as the system evolves.  Implement versioning or revision control mechanisms to manage changes without disrupting existing data.  Documentation:  Document the code numbering system comprehensively, including guidelines for code assignment and any exceptions.  Provide documentation for users and developers to understand the structure and purpose of each code.  Security Measures:  Implement security measures to protect the integrity of codes, preventing unauthorized modifications or duplications.  Incorporate access controls to restrict code-related activities to authorized personnel.  Auditability:  Include mechanisms for auditing and tracking code-related activities for accountability and system transparency.  Maintain audit trails to trace changes made to codes over time. The code numbering system in system design is a structured approach to uniquely identify and manage various entities within a system. It plays a critical role in ensuring data integrity, system efficiency, and effective information retrieval. 4.3 Logical File Subsystem The logical file subsystem is an essential component of system design that focuses on the organization, storage, and retrieval of data within an information system. Here's a detailed explanation of the logical file subsystem in the context of system design:  Definition of Logical File Subsystem:  The logical file subsystem is a component of a system that manages the logical organization and access methods for files containing data.  It defines the structure, relationships, and methods for accessing data in a way that aligns with the business requirements of the system. 7  Information Systems for Business JGI  Purpose and Significance:  The primary purpose is to provide a logical and efficient means of organizing and accessing data, ensuring that information is stored in a manner that supports the system's functionality.  Facilitates data retrieval, updates, and maintenance operations by defining the logical structure of files.  Types of Logical Files:  Master Files: Contain essential and permanent data, such as customer information or product details.  Transaction Files: Capture data related to specific transactions, allowing for tracking and historical analysis.  Reference Files: Store reference data that is used for validation or lookup purposes.  Data Organization and Relationships:  Establish logical relationships between different files to represent real-world connections between entities.  Utilize data modeling techniques, such as entity-relationship diagrams, to define the structure and relationships within the logical file subsystem.  Access Methods:  Define methods for accessing data within files, such as sequential access, random access, or indexed access.  Consider the frequency and nature of data retrieval operations to determine the most efficient access method for each file.  Normalization and Denormalization:  Apply normalization techniques to eliminate data redundancy and improve data integrity.  Evaluate the need for denormalization in cases where performance considerations warrant a departure from fully normalized structures.  Integration with Code Number System:  Integrate the logical file subsystem with the code numbering system to establish a unified approach to data organization and identification.  Ensure that codes and logical file structures are aligned to support seamless data management.  Concurrency Control:  Implement mechanisms to manage concurrent access to files, preventing data inconsistency or conflicts. 8 UNIT 04: System Design  Utilize locking mechanisms and transaction control to maintain data integrity during simultaneous operations.  Backup and Recovery:  Develop strategies for backing up logical files to prevent data loss in the event of system failures or disasters.  Establish recovery procedures to restore data integrity after a failure, including rollbacks and point-in-time recovery.  Documentation:  Create comprehensive documentation for each logical file, detailing the structure, relationships, and access methods.  Provide guidelines for developers and users on how to interact with and maintain the logical file subsystem.  Scalability:  Design the logical file subsystem to be scalable, accommodating growth in data volume and changes in business requirements.  Consider partitioning or sharding strategies for large datasets. The logical file subsystem is a critical element of system design that focuses on the logical organization, access, and maintenance of data. It ensures that data is stored in a structured manner that aligns with the business needs of the system, facilitating efficient data retrieval and manipulation. 4.4 Architecture of system, The architecture of a system refers to the overall design and structure that defines how different components or modules of the system interact with each other. It encompasses the arrangement of hardware, software, networks, and other elements to achieve the system's objectives. Here's a detailed explanation of system architecture:  System Components:  Hardware: Describes the physical components of the system, such as servers, computers, storage devices, and networking equipment.  Software: Encompasses the application software, operating systems, middleware, and other software components required for the system to function. 9  Information Systems for Business JGI  Networks: Includes the communication infrastructure that enables data exchange between system components.  Types of System Architectures:  Client-Server Architecture: Distributes tasks between client devices and central servers, facilitating efficient resource utilization and scalability.  Peer-to-Peer Architecture: Allows nodes in the network to act both as clients and servers, promoting decentralized communication and collaboration.  Layered Architecture: Organizes system components into layers, each responsible for specific functions, enhancing modularity and maintainability.  Microservices Architecture: Decomposes the system into small, independent services, promoting flexibility, scalability, and ease of deployment.  Key Design Principles:  Modularity: Divides the system into modular components, making it easier to understand, develop, and maintain.  Scalability: Ensures the system can handle increased workload or growth by adding resources without significant redesign.  Reliability: Designs components and interactions to ensure the system's consistent and dependable operation.  Interoperability: Facilitates seamless communication and interaction between different components or systems.  Communication Protocols:  Defines the rules and conventions for data exchange between system components.  Examples include HTTP/HTTPS for web-based systems, TCP/IP for network communication, and RESTful APIs for interoperability.  Data Storage and Management:  Determines how data is stored, accessed, and managed within the system.  Involves decisions on database systems, data models, and storage technologies.  Security Considerations:  Incorporates measures to protect the system from unauthorized access, data breaches, and other security threats.  Involves authentication, authorization, encryption, and secure communication protocols.  Performance Optimization: 10 UNIT 04: System Design  Addresses factors that impact system performance, such as load balancing, caching, and optimization of algorithms.  Ensures the system meets performance requirements under varying conditions.  Fault Tolerance and Recovery:  Implements strategies to handle system failures, ensuring minimal downtime and data loss.  Involves mechanisms like redundancy, backup systems, and recovery procedures.  User Interface Design:  Defines how users interact with the system, including the design of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), command-line interfaces, or application programming interfaces (APIs).  Documentation:  Provides comprehensive documentation detailing the system's architecture, including diagrams, specifications, and guidelines for developers and system administrators.  Evolution and Adaptability:  Designs the system to adapt to changing requirements and technologies over time.  Incorporates flexibility and extensibility to accommodate future updates and enhancements. The architecture of a system is a critical aspect of system design, defining the structure and interactions between different components to achieve the system's objectives effectively and efficiently. 4.5 Audit and security, Audit and security are integral components of system design, focusing on ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data while providing mechanisms to monitor and evaluate the system's adherence to security policies. Here's a detailed explanation of audit and security in the context of system design: Security:  Access Control: 11  Information Systems for Business JGI  Defines and enforces policies to regulate access to the system and its resources.  Involves authentication mechanisms, authorization rules, and user privileges.  Data Encryption:  Implements encryption techniques to protect sensitive data during transmission and storage.  Utilizes algorithms such as AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for secure encryption.  Firewalls and Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems:  Establishes a perimeter defense with firewalls to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic.  Utilizes intrusion detection/prevention systems to identify and respond to potential security threats.  Security Auditing:  Conducts regular audits to assess the effectiveness of security measures.  Reviews access logs, security policies, and system configurations to identify vulnerabilities.  Vulnerability Management:  Regularly scans and assesses the system for potential vulnerabilities.  Implements patches, updates, and security measures to address identified vulnerabilities.  Incident Response:  Develops and documents procedures for responding to security incidents.  Establishes a coordinated approach to investigate, mitigate, and recover from security breaches.  Security Policies and Training:  Defines and communicates security policies to users and administrators.  Conducts regular security training to educate users on best practices and potential risks.  Physical Security:  Addresses physical security measures to protect hardware, servers, and other critical infrastructure.  Implements access controls, surveillance, and environmental controls. Audit:  Audit Trails: 12 UNIT 04: System Design  Generates and maintains audit trails that record user activities, system events, and security-related incidents.  Facilitates forensic analysis and compliance verification.  Compliance Audits:  Ensures that the system adheres to relevant industry standards, regulations, and organizational policies.  Conducts audits to verify compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.  Configuration Audits:  Reviews and audits system configurations to ensure they align with security best practices.  Verifies that security settings are appropriately configured to mitigate risks.  Continuous Monitoring:  Establishes continuous monitoring mechanisms to detect and respond to security events in real-time.  Utilizes automated tools and alerts to promptly address potential security incidents.  User Activity Audits:  Monitors and audits user activities, including login attempts, file access, and system commands.  Identifies and investigates any unusual or suspicious behavior.  Documentation and Reporting:  Documents audit processes, findings, and corrective actions.  Generates reports for stakeholders, including management, compliance officers, and external auditors.  Forensic Analysis:  Develops procedures for conducting forensic analysis in the event of a security incident.  Gathers and preserves evidence for investigation and legal purposes.  Audit Review and Improvement:  Regularly reviews audit processes and outcomes to identify areas for improvement.  Incorporates feedback and lessons learned to enhance the effectiveness of future audits. Security and audit measures are essential elements of system design, working together to establish a secure and compliant environment. Security focuses on implementing protective 13  Information Systems for Business JGI measures, while audit ensures ongoing monitoring, compliance verification, and continuous improvement of security practices. 4.6 Computer Scheduling Of Work, Computer scheduling of work, often referred to as job scheduling or task scheduling, is a crucial aspect of system design that involves the efficient allocation of computing resources and the management of tasks or jobs within a computer system. Here's a detailed explanation of computer scheduling of work:  Definition:  Computer scheduling of work is the process of determining the order and timing of tasks or jobs to be executed on a computer system.  It aims to optimize resource utilization, minimize waiting times, and ensure timely completion of computing tasks.  Types of Scheduling:  Batch Scheduling: Groups similar jobs together and processes them in batches during non-peak hours.  Interactive Scheduling: Prioritizes tasks that require immediate user interaction, ensuring responsiveness.  Real-time Scheduling: Manages tasks with strict timing requirements, such as controlling hardware devices or processing sensor data.  Scheduling Algorithms:  First-Come-First-Serve (FCFS): Executes tasks in the order they arrive.  Shortest Job Next (SJN) or Shortest Job First (SJF): Prioritizes tasks based on their execution time, executing the shortest job first.  Round Robin (RR): Allocates a fixed time slice to each task in a cyclic manner.  Priority Scheduling: Assigns priorities to tasks, and tasks with higher priorities are scheduled first.  Task Prioritization:  User-defined Priorities: Allows users to assign priorities to their tasks based on importance.  System-defined Priorities: Assigns priorities based on the nature of the task, resource requirements, or service-level agreements.  Resource Allocation:  Ensures efficient utilization of CPU, memory, and other resources. 14 UNIT 04: System Design  Manages resource contention and allocates resources based on task requirements.  Job Queues:  Maintains queues of pending tasks or jobs waiting to be executed.  Categorizes jobs based on their priority, type, or other criteria.  Load Balancing:  Distributes tasks evenly across multiple processors or computing nodes.  Prevents overloading of specific resources and ensures optimal utilization.  Deadline Scheduling:  Ensures that tasks with specific deadlines are scheduled to meet their time constraints.  Critical for real-time systems where timely execution is essential.  Preemption:  Allows the scheduler to interrupt the execution of a currently running task to start or resume another task.  Preemption is often used in priority-based scheduling to ensure timely execution of higher-priority tasks.  Job Dependencies:  Manages dependencies between tasks, ensuring that tasks are executed in the correct order.  Allows for the coordination of complex workflows and dependencies.  Feedback Mechanisms:  Monitors the performance of tasks and adjusts scheduling priorities based on historical data or current system load.  Provides adaptability to changing workload patterns.  Fault Tolerance:  Implements mechanisms to handle failures and recover from errors during task execution.  Ensures reliability and continuous operation in the presence of hardware or software failures.  Scheduling Policies:  Establishes policies that guide the overall scheduling strategy, considering factors such as fairness, throughput, and response time.  Policies may vary based on the specific goals and characteristics of the computing environment. 15  Information Systems for Business JGI Computer scheduling of work is a critical component of system design that optimizes the allocation of computing resources, manages task execution, and ensures the efficient and timely completion of tasks or jobs within a computer system. The choice of scheduling algorithms and policies depends on the specific requirements and characteristics of the computing environment. 4.7 Saving and cost of latest system, When considering the saving and cost aspects of the latest system, it involves analyzing both the financial aspects and the potential efficiency gains that the system offers. Here's a detailed explanation:  Initial Investment:  Hardware and Software Costs: Evaluate the upfront costs associated with acquiring the latest hardware, software licenses, and any necessary infrastructure.  Implementation and Integration: Consider expenses related to system implementation, data migration, and integration with existing systems.  Operational Costs:  Maintenance and Support: Assess ongoing costs for system maintenance, updates, and support services.  Training: Budget for training programs to ensure that users and administrators are proficient in using the latest system efficiently.  Scalability:  Future Expansion Costs: Analyze how easily the system can scale to accommodate growth in data volume, user base, or additional functionalities.  Upgrade Costs: Consider the expenses associated with upgrading the system to newer versions or incorporating new features.  Efficiency Gains:  Productivity Improvements: Identify potential gains in user productivity, automation of tasks, and reduction in manual efforts.  Time Savings: Evaluate how the latest system can streamline processes, reduce task completion times, and enhance overall operational efficiency.  Energy Efficiency:  Power Consumption: Consider the energy efficiency of the latest hardware and infrastructure components to reduce ongoing operational costs. 16 UNIT 04: System Design  Environmental Impact: Assess the system's environmental impact and potential cost savings through green computing practices.  Cloud Services and Subscription Models:  Cloud Hosting Costs: Explore the feasibility of utilizing cloud services, which may offer cost savings in terms of infrastructure management and scalability.  Subscription Models: Consider subscription-based pricing models for software and services, providing flexibility and potentially reducing upfront costs.  Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):  Comprehensive Analysis: Calculate the TCO, including both direct and indirect costs over the system's lifecycle.  ROI (Return on Investment): Assess the expected ROI by comparing the benefits gained against the overall costs incurred.  Data Security and Compliance:  Security Investments: Allocate funds for robust security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular security audits.  Compliance Costs: Factor in costs associated with ensuring the system complies with industry regulations and data protection standards.  User Experience and Satisfaction:  User Training and Support: Consider investments in user training programs and support services to enhance the user experience.  User Feedback Mechanisms: Implement mechanisms for collecting user feedback to identify areas for improvement and potential cost savings.  Downtime and Recovery Costs:  High Availability: Invest in features that ensure high system availability to minimize downtime costs.  Disaster Recovery: Plan for and invest in disaster recovery mechanisms to mitigate potential financial losses due to system failures.  Vendor Selection and Negotiation:  Vendor Costs: Assess costs associated with selecting and partnering with vendors for hardware, software, or support services.  Negotiation: Negotiate contracts and pricing to optimize costs and ensure favorable terms. Evaluating the saving and cost aspects of the latest system involves a comprehensive analysis of both the upfront and ongoing expenses, considering efficiency gains, scalability, security, 17  Information Systems for Business JGI and the overall impact on the organization's financial health. A well-balanced approach ensures that the investment aligns with organizational goals and results in a positive return on investment. 4.8 Documentation Of Latest System Documentation of the latest system is a critical aspect of system design and implementation, providing a comprehensive record of various aspects for stakeholders. Here's a detailed explanation of documentation for the latest system:  System Overview:  Purpose and Objectives: Clearly define the purpose and objectives of the system, outlining the problems it aims to solve or the improvements it intends to bring.  Scope: Define the boundaries and limitations of the system to set expectations for stakeholders.  System Architecture:  Architectural Diagrams: Include diagrams illustrating the overall architecture, depicting the relationships between different components, modules, and layers.  Component Descriptions: Provide detailed descriptions of each system component, highlighting their roles and interactions.  Code Number System:  Code Structure: Document the structure and format of codes used within the system for identification purposes.  Code Assignment Rules: Specify rules and guidelines for assigning codes to various entities, ensuring consistency and uniqueness.  Logical File Subsystem:  Entity-Relationship Diagrams: Include diagrams illustrating the logical relationships between different data entities within the system.  File Descriptions: Document the structure and characteristics of each logical file, including attributes and relationships.  Security and Audit:  Security Policies: Clearly outline security policies and measures implemented within the system to safeguard data and resources. 18 UNIT 04: System Design  Audit Trail Documentation: Detail the audit trail mechanisms, outlining what events are logged, how they are stored, and who has access to the audit logs.  Computer Scheduling of Work:  Scheduling Policies: Document the policies governing the scheduling of tasks, jobs, or processes within the system.  Scheduling Algorithms: Describe the algorithms used for task prioritization, resource allocation, and load balancing.  Cost and Savings Analysis:  Cost Breakdown: Provide a detailed breakdown of both initial and ongoing costs associated with the latest system.  Savings Projections: Outline potential cost savings and efficiency gains expected from the implementation of the system.  Data Dictionary:  Data Definitions: Document definitions for all data elements used within the system, ensuring a common understanding across stakeholders.  Metadata: Include metadata information such as data types, lengths, and allowable values for each attribute.  User Interface Design:  Mockups and Wireframes: Include visual representations of the user interface through mockups or wireframes.  User Interaction Guidelines: Document guidelines for user interactions, including navigation, data entry, and feedback mechanisms.  System Configuration:  Configuration Settings: Detail configuration settings, parameters, and options that can be customized within the system.  Installation Instructions: Provide step-by-step instructions for installing and configuring the system in different environments.  Testing and Validation:  Test Plans: Document test plans outlining the testing approach, scenarios, and criteria for validating system functionality.  Test Results: Include records of test results, identifying any issues, and documenting resolutions.  Training Materials:  User Manuals: Create user manuals providing step-by-step instructions for users to navigate and use the system. 19  Information Systems for Business JGI  Administrator Guides: Develop guides for system administrators, covering maintenance, troubleshooting, and configuration tasks.  Documentation Maintenance Plan:  Update Procedures: Define procedures for updating documentation as the system evolves, ensuring that documentation remains accurate and up-to- date.  Version Control: Implement version control mechanisms to track changes in documentation.  Legal and Compliance Documents:  License Agreements: Include details about software licenses and usage agreements.  Compliance Certifications: Document certifications or compliance statements related to industry standards or regulatory requirements.  Contact Information:  Support Contacts: Provide contact information for technical support, including helpdesk details and escalation procedures.  System Owners: Identify key stakeholders and their contact information for inquiries or collaboration. Documentation of the latest system encompasses a wide range of information to ensure clarity, transparency, and effective communication among stakeholders. It serves as a valuable resource for understanding, maintaining, and evolving the system throughout its lifecycle. 4.9 Conclusion: In conclusion, the successful design and implementation of the latest system require a holistic approach, encompassing general aspects, code numbering, logical file subsystems, system architecture, audit and security measures, computer scheduling of work, and considerations of saving and cost. Adequate documentation is essential for transparency and maintenance. This comprehensive approach ensures efficiency, security, and adaptability in the evolving landscape of information systems. 4.10 Glossary:  General Aspects: Fundamental considerations and elements that influence the overall design and functionality of a system. 20 UNIT 04: System Design  Code Number System: A structured method for assigning unique identifiers to various entities within a system.  Logical File Subsystem: Component focusing on the organization, storage, and retrieval of data in a logical manner within a system.  System Architecture: The overall design and structure that defines how different components of a system interact with each other.  Audit and Security: Measures ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data, with audits assessing compliance and security effectiveness.  Computer Scheduling of Work: Process determining the order and timing of tasks or jobs to optimize resource utilization in a computer system.  Saving and Cost of Latest System: Evaluation of financial aspects and efficiency gains associated with implementing the latest system.  Documentation of Latest System: Comprehensive record detailing various aspects of the latest system, facilitating understanding and maintenance.  Scalability: The capability of a system to handle increased workload or growth without significant redesign.  User Interface Design: The planning and implementation of how users interact with and experience the system. Self- Assessment questions Multiple Choice Questions 21  Information Systems for Business JGI Answers for Self- Assessment questions Multiple Choice Question Answers: Descriptive Questions: 1. How does the code numbering system contribute to data organization and identification within the latest system? 2. What role does the logical file subsystem play in enhancing data management and retrieval processes? 3. How can the chosen system architecture impact the scalability and performance of the information system? 4. What are the key considerations in implementing effective audit and security measures for the latest system? 5. How do different scheduling algorithms influence the efficiency of computer scheduling of work in a dynamic environment? Post Unit Reading Material  Title: "Best Practices for Information System Documentation" URL: https://www.techrepublic.com/article/best-practices-for-information-system- documentation/  Title: "System Design and Implementation Strategies" URL: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/4772/system-design-and-implementation Topics for Discussion forum  Discuss the challenges and benefits associated with implementing a robust code numbering system in information systems.  Explore the impact of cloud services on the saving and cost considerations of the latest system, considering factors such as scalability and subscription models. 22 UNIT 04: System Design 23