Fundamentals of Innovation & Entrepreneurship GEIE222 PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 An Introduction Week 2 Dr. Ishara Maharaj  ‫ كلمه أساسية‬:‫الأصفر‬...

FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 An Introduction Week 2 Dr. Ishara Maharaj  ‫ كلمه أساسية‬:‫الأصفر‬ ‫ كلمة مفتاحية‬:‫الوردي‬ KEY TERMS TO REMEMBER Definitions ‫ رياده اعمال‬- Entrepreneurship: The identification and exploitation of previously unexploited opportunities by enterprising individuals (Byers et al., 2018, Technology Ventures). ‫ ابتكار‬- Innovation: Invention that produces economic value in the marketplace as the commercialization of new technologies (Byers et al., 2018, Technology Ventures). Innovation – applying creativity to develop unique ideas (Tina Seelig, 2015). ‫ ابداع‬- Creativity: Bringing old ideas to new products, people and places; creativity is about creating new combinations of existing ideas as well as importing commonly thought-of things to uncommon places. 2  Definitions ‫ العمل المتكبر‬- Innovative work: A type of work where one purposely increases variance within their work, in an effort to innovate, and thus experience higher rates of failure. ‫ العمل الروتيني‬- Routine work: A type of work where one avoids variation, in an effort to lower the rate of failure. ‫ تفكير متباعد‬- Divergent Thinking: A way of thinking that maximizes possible outcomes, variants, ideas, or solutions at a rapid rate. This design-thinking process helps expand options before making choices when one is seeking to innovate (often used in processes with convergent thinking). It involves looking at a problem from different angles and coming up with original solutions. ‫ تفكير متقارب‬- Convergent Thinking: This is the process of identifying recognizable and real solutions to problems/challenges. It involves finding one right answer to a problem. :‫الفرق بين العمل المبتكر و العمل الروتيني‬ )‫ يكون فيه زياده فشل بحجه انه عمل و ابتاكر جديد (غير متقن‬:‫العمل المبتكر‬ ‫ فهو فيه فشل اقل بحجه انهو روتين متكرر معتاد عليه‬: ‫العمل الروتيني‬ :‫الفرق بين التفكير المتقارب و المتباعد‬ ‫ يكون عباره عن تفكير عميق مع الكثير من الحلول و القبول و الرفض‬: ‫المتباعد‬ 3 ‫ يكون عباره عن جواب واحد لمشكله وحده بس‬: ‫المتقارب‬ SEARCHING FOR THE ONE “RIGHT” ANSWER Schooling systems ingrain the idea that there is one “right” Education system answer to a problem Ambiguity The reality shows that problems are multi-dimensional and ambiguous Depending on one’s perspective and the questions one asks, there may be several “right” Several answers answers 4 BLINDLY FOLLOWING THE RULES & LACKING SELF-BELIEF Schools teach us to contain our creative tendencies from Don’t color outside the lines an early age. This begins the limiting self-beliefs that we carry into adulthood. Within reasonable limits (and laws) our creativity depends on seeing new ways of doing things. Creative people are no smarter than anyone else; Challenge the rules they have just learned how to think creatively and are persistent at trying new approaches. 5 FEAR OF FAILURE & APPEARING FOOLISH Kick the habits and rules that keep us thinking in the same old ways. Creative people realize that trying new things Failure is part of Creativity can often lead to failure, but failure is not the end of the process; it is a learning experience. Constant questioning Entrepreneurs constantly question and challenge assumptions By challenging/questioning the old, we make way for the new through the process of Creative Destruction creative destruction (Schumpeter). Failure is part of the creative process. 6 WHERE DO GOOD IDEAS COME FROM? THE INVENTION CYCLE Reading: Tina Seelig Imagination = envisioning things that do not exist – engagement & the ability to envision alternatives required Creativity = applying imagination to address a challenge – motivation & experimentation required Innovation = applying creativity to generate unique solutions – focusing & reframing required Entrepreneurship = applying innovation, scaling unique ideas, by inspiring others’ imagination – persistence & the ability to inspire others required “Not every person in an entrepreneurial venture needs to have EVERY skill in the cycle. However, every venture needs to cover every base.” 8 FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 Creativity & The Growth Mindset Week 3 Dr. Ishara Maharaj RECAP: CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION From Week 2: What are they? Creativity is: )‫(االبداع‬ ‫ القدرة على ابتكار أفكار جديده‬- The ability to develop new ideas ‫ القدرة على صنع منتج جديد من ابتكار قديم‬- Or bringing old ideas to new products, people, and places ‫ اكتشاف طريقه جديده لحل مشاكل قديمة‬- Or discovering new ways of looking at problems and opportunities. Innovation is the implementation of creativity to develop unique ideas. )‫" (مهم نفهم أي معاده في أي ساليد النه تيي اساله عليهم‬Creativity + Implementation = Innovation" 2 RECAP: INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP From Week 2: Key definitions to remember Innovation is: )‫(ابتكار‬ ‫ اختراع اشياء فريده من نوعها‬- An implementation of creativity to develop unique ideas ‫ اكتشاف المشكلة المفترض حلها‬- A systematic approach to find out what is exactly the problem that we need to deal with ‫ يعني نخترع اشياء لها قيمة و تفيد المجتمع‬- Used to make Inventions that enhance people’s lives and at the same time produce economic value in the marketplace as the commercialization of new technologies. Entrepreneurship is:)‫(ريادة االعمال‬ The result of a process that applies both creativity and innovation ‫كلمة مفتاحية لتعريف رياده االعمال‬ The identification and exploitation of previously unexploited opportunities by enterprising individuals (entrepreneurs) The nexus (coming together) of enterprising individuals and promising opportunities. 3 RECAP: CONSTRAINTS TO INNOVATION & CREATIVITY From Week 2 Constraints (a limitation or restriction) are inevitable and helpful. Without constraints, we would not innovate. ‫بختصار انه القيود و الحدود تفيدنا و تساعدنا على االبتكار و تفادي االغالط‬ 4 RECAP: ROUTINE VS. INNOVATIVE WORK From Week 2 Routine Work )‫العمل الروتيني(يعني تقليل احتملية الفشل النة عمل متعودين عليه‬ Work that is done without variance to reduce the possibility of failure. Innovative Work)‫العمل المتبكر (يعني عمل يديد ما صار من قبل و فيه احتمالية فشل اكبر‬ Work that is done with increased variance and failure is expected. ‫بختصار االبتاكر ما نقدر نسويه دايما عكس العمل الروتيني نحن نستمر فيه دايما و الفرق بينهم‬ ‫الروتين يكون فشله جداااا اقل مقارنتا بالعمل المبتكر‬ You have to know when to use both Innovative Work and Routine Work Innovation is not something that should be done all the time in every situation. Innovation requires a different logic than routine work does. 5 AN EXAMPLE OF INNOVATION – WD-40 ‫مجرد مثال وماتوقع ايي منه‬ From Week 2: Innovative vs. Routine Work Why do they call it WD-40? The name WD-40 was created because there were 39 failed product versions. Creating 40 different versions of something is an example of innovative work. Innovative work was appropriate when the company was designing the product. Now that the product is commercially successful, the company has shifted to routine work. It is important for the product to be the same every time someone uses it, so variance is discouraged. 6 CREATIVE CONFIDENCE Practicing with your ideas ‫ الثقة االبداعية‬- Creative confidence: The ability to use one’s creativity to further goals, express ideas, and communicate with others ‫يعني انه نكون على قدره لألبداع و التواصل مع االخرين بسهوله‬ 7 WHAT IS CREATIVE CONFIDENCE? What does it mean? ‫ الثقة االبداعية‬- Creative confidence: means that, even when people aren’t sure, they have the energy and will to keep pushing forward, to be undaunted when ideas don’t work, and to keep trying new ideas. ‫يعني حتى لو الشخص ما كان واثق يتم يحاول و يجرب و ينجح و يفشل و يرد يحاول وهكذا‬ Everyone is creative, but developing creative confidence is the process of going through exercises and experiences to inspire you to get into a creative mindset to prosper, develop, and ideate. 8 GROWTH MINDSET An alternative self-perception ‫ النمو العقلي‬- Growth Mindset: A belief that a person’s most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work – brains and talent are just the starting point. This viewpoint creates a love of learning and resilience that is essential for achieving anything. A growth mindset allows individuals to view challenges and failures as opportunities to improve their learning skills. 9  THE GROWTH MINDSET VS. THE FIXED MINDSET ‫الرسمة‬ ‫تختصر‬ ‫كلشي مهم‬ 10 FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 The Design Thinking Process Week 4 Dr. Ishara Maharaj RECAP: CREATIVE CONFIDENCE & THE GROWTH MINDSET From last week - Creative confidence: The ability to use one’s creativity to further goals, express ideas, and communicate with others Growth Mindset: A belief that a person’s most basic abilities can be developed through dedication and hard work – brains and talent are just the starting point. KEY POINT: We learn & improve our skills through our failures and challenges 2 WHAT IS DESIGN THINKING? Design Thinking in Practice A method of applying the techniques of design to solve complex problems and achieve solutions while staying focused on the quality of the experience of those affected. It is a human-centered approach to innovation that draws from the designer’s toolkit to integrate the needs of people, the possibilities of technology and the requirements for business success (Tim Brown, IDEO) 3  THE DESIGN THINKING PROCESS ‫بس فهم‬ Design Thinking in Practice The design thinking process starts by understanding people before you define the problem. You iterate your way to a big idea as opposed to assuming you know the right answer from the beginning. Another way to say this is that we define DEFINE the problem in the middle of the process after we have confidence in what the needs are. Also, note that it appears sequential, but all the lines in between show how dynamic the process is as more is learned and previous steps are revisited. 4 DIVERGENT VS. CONVERGENT THINKING During the Empathy Process It is useful to know that the empathy process will require both divergent thinking and convergent thinking. You use divergent thinking to come up with new ideas and choices, then use convergent thinking to refine the new ideas and choices. Then you repeat the process in the next step. Throughout the design thinking process, you will be asked to think in both ways many times. 5 STAGE 1: EMPATHIZE Research your user’s needs Learning about what is imortant to your audience Method: Observation & Interview Who is my user? What matters to this person? 6 STAGE 2: DEFINE State your user’s needs & problems Knowing what matters means you can create a point of view based on your user’s needs and insights. What are their needs? 7 STAGE 3: IDEATE Challenge assumptions & create ideas Brainstorm and come up with as many creative solutions as possible. Wild ideas are encouraged! 8 STAGE 4: PROTOTYPE Start to create solutions Build or draw a representation of one of more of your ideas to show to others. How can I show my idea? Remember: a prototype is just a rough draft. 9 STAGE 5: TEST Try your solutions out Share your prototyped idea with your class for feedback. What worked? What didn’t? 10 DID YOU KNOW? Design Thinking is a Non-Linear Process https://youtu.be/_r0VX-aU_T8 The Design Thinking Process. Let’s watch this summary with an example to assist the elderly. Crash Course from the dschool 11 FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 The Design Thinking Process - Empathy Week 4 Day 2 Dr. Ishara Maharaj RECAP: DESIGN THINKING PROCESS From Monday DEFINE EMPATHY 2 WHAT DOES EMPATHY MEAN? ‫مهم نعرف معنى كلشي‬ Definition Em-pa-thy: the intellectual identification with, or vicarious experiencing of the feelings, thoughts, or attitudes of another. Empathy = the centrepiece of the human-centered design process. It involves making an effort to understand the needs and experiences of the other, or of a user. Empathy is necessary to design solutions that meet a deep, unmet need. Gives confidence that you are working on a meaningful problem; forces you to take a perspective other than your own. Work to fully understand the experience of the user for whom you are designing, through observation, interaction, and immersing yourself in their experiences. 3 GENERATING INSIGHTS From empathy Observation + Inference = INSIGHT 4  Immerse. Observe. Engage. Walk a mile in someone else’s shoes. 5 HOW DO YOU MAKE INFERENCES? To generate insights 6 Connect with people (in person) Seek stories, feelings, and beliefs. TAKE ON A BEGINNER’S MINDSET Immersion = No judgment, question everything, remain curious 7 Take on the attitude of a child. Be a great listener, find patterns.  Immerse. Observe. Engage. Be a fly on the wall. 8 WHAT ARE THE NEEDS? What do you see, hear (observe)? Needs = a physical, psychological or cultural requirement of an individual or group that is missing or not met through existing solutions. Write down what you observe using verbs and activities (not nouns or solutions) that capture the motivations and emotions of people. Work to fully understand the experience of the user for whom you are designing, through observation, interaction, and immersing yourself in their experiences. 9  Immerse. Observe. Engage. Have a conversation. 10  WHAT COMES OUT OF A NEED FINDING INTERVIEW? The Empathy Map The Empathy Map – captures what was observed, and what can be inferred about these user’s beliefs and emotions regarding a situation or experience. Using input from observations or interviews, the empathy map structures a process of considering what was heard or seen, but also what can be inferred about a user’s thoughts and feelings, thus making it a source for insights. 11 FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 The Design Thinking Process – Journey Maps & Insights – Define Week 5 Dr. Ishara Maharaj RECAP: DESIGN THINKING PROCESS From Week 4, on to Defining DEFINE EMPATHY 2 EMPATHY STAGE: WHAT COMES OUT OF YOUR INTERVIEWS?  WHAT COMES OUT OF A NEED FINDING INTERVIEW? The Empathy Map The Empathy Map – captures what was observed, and what can be inferred about these user’s beliefs and emotions regarding a situation or experience. Using input from observations or interviews, the empathy map structures a process of considering what was heard or seen, but also what can be inferred about a user’s thoughts and feelings, thus making it a source for insights. 4 THE JOURNEY MAP 5 HOW MIGHT WE…? GENERATE A HOW MIGHT WE…? QUESTION From your opportunity statement Based on your opportunity statement, convert it to a “how might we” question. This question is still from the perspective of the user, e.g. their needs. How might we help our student to _____________________________________________? Have multiple questions in case one isn’t generative. No Solutions Written Into the Question! Insights come from your interviews (What wouldn’t you have known without the interview?) 7  Let’s create a class problem. To demonstrate the entire design thinking process. 8  Here’s a hypothetical scenario  A team of educators and technologists want to improve the remote learning experience for elementary school students during the COVID- 19 pandemic.  They begin by empathizing with the students and their parents. They conduct virtual interviews and surveys to understand the challenges they face.  Key Insights Generated: They find that young students struggle with concentration, engagement, and the absence of social interaction in online classes. 9  Step 2: Define  Based on their research, the team defines the problem as follows: How might we create a more engaging and effective remote learning experience for elementary school students? How might we encourage social interaction in a virtual world? How might we assist young students with shorter concentration/attention spans? 10  NEXT STEPS: AFTER INTERVIEWS AND GENERATING INSIGHTS: WHAT ARE THE "HOW MIGHT WE…?’S” FOR YOUR GROUP PROJECT? RECAP: DESIGN THINKING PROCESS On to Ideation DEFINE 12 WHERE IS IDEATION IN THE PROCESS? Moving from Empathy & Defining EMPATHY Provides confidence that you are working on a meaningful problem; forces you to take a perspective other than your own IDEATION Creating copious and diverse design solution possibilities to select, develop, and test. PROTOTYPING & TESTING Provides confidence that your solution is desirable, feasible, and viable; accelerates learning when you adopt a low-resolution prototyping mindset 13  Here’s a hypothetical scenario  A team of educator and technologists want to improve the remote learning experience for elementary school students during the COVID- 19 pandemic.  They begin by empathizing with the students and their parents. They conduct virtual interviews and surveys to understand the challenges they face.  Key Insights Generated: They find that young students struggle with concentration, engagement, and the absence of social interaction in online classes. 14  Step 2: Define  Based on their research, the team defines the problem as follows: How might we create a more engaging and effective remote learning experience for elementary school students? How might we encourage social interaction in a virtual world? How might we assist young students with shorter concentration/attention spans? 15  Step 3: Ideate  Ideation requires the ability to BRAINSTORM.  What is Brainstorming?  Brainstorming is a group discussion to produce ideas or solve problems.  If we conducted a rapid-fire brainstorming session now, what ideas can we generate together for this question?  Let’s come up with 5 ideas now. How might we create a more engaging and effective remote learning experience for elementary school students? 16 FUNDAMENTALS OF INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP GEIE222 The Design Thinking Process – Prototyping & Testing Dr. Ishara Maharaj RECAP: DESIGN THINKING PROCESS On to Prototyping and Testing DEFINE ‫مهم نعرف الخطوات‬ ‫ الفهم‬-1 ‫ المراقبه‬-2 Empathy ‫المعرفه‬-3 ‫ الكفره‬-4 2 ‫نموذج‬-5 ‫ اختبار‬-6 WHERE IS PROTOTYPING & TESTING IN THE PROCESS? Moving from Ideation EMPATHY Provides confidence that you are working on a meaningful problem; forces you to take a perspective other than your own IDEATION Creating copious and diverse design solution possibilities to select, develop, and test. PROTOTYPING & TESTING Provides confidence that your solution is desirable, feasible, and viable; accelerates learning when you adopt a low-resolution prototyping mindset 3 WHAT IS PROTOTYPING? The penultimate stage A prototype is an early sample/ model or visualization built/created to test a concept or process, to act as a thing to be replicated or learned from. It is an opportunity to quickly learn what ideas may or may not work. You are building to think (learn & advance your idea quickly). Note: It is an iterative process. Do not seek to create “perfect” prototypes. The idea is to build and test as quickly as possible to be able to illicit more feedback on your design/solution. 4