W2-L2 (DSA 458) Principles of Scientific Research and Fundamentals of Research Methodology (31.08.2023).pdf

Research Methodology (DSA 4580) Principles of Scientific Research and Fundamentals of Research Methodology Academic Year: 2023-2024 Fifth Year DSA 4580 WEEK 2 LECTURE 2 Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem, BDS, MSc, DClinDent Pediatric Dentistry Assistant Professor in Pediatric Dentistry [email protected]....

Research Methodology (DSA 4580) Principles of Scientific Research and Fundamentals of Research Methodology Academic Year: 2023-2024 Fifth Year DSA 4580 WEEK 2 LECTURE 2 Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem, BDS, MSc, DClinDent Pediatric Dentistry Assistant Professor in Pediatric Dentistry [email protected] Thursday, 31 August 2023 Copyright © 2023 by PSAU, Abdulhamid Al Ghwainem Disclaimer DISCLAIMER The information presented in this lecture is offered for educational and informational purposes and should not be construed as medical, dental, or research advice. While the amount of information in this handout is vast, and I make every effort to be as current and thorough as possible, the information cannot be taken as a reference manual or textbook. Please note that you should read the required textbooks as specified in the course curriculum and lecture references. 2 Notice WARNING Materials used in connection with this course or lecture may be subject to copyright protection. 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Do not remove this notice 3 Outline § Introduction and background. § Scientific research. § Scientific method. § Research methods. § Research methodology. § Goals and characteristics of scientific research. § Theory, hypothesis, deductive and inductive theories. § Classification of medical research designs and types. § Key skills for researchers. 4 Lecture Objectives By the end of this session, you should be able to: § Define and differentiate between scientific research, scientific method, research methods and research methodology. § Explain goals and characteristics of scientific research. § Define and differentiate between theory and hypothesis. § Explain the difference between deductive and inductive theories. § Classify different types of medical research, and differentiate between research, service evaluation and audit . § Recognise the key skills of a researcher. 5 What is research? § Word ”research” means to search again. § Depends on who you ask!!! § Research is any activity attempted to increase the knowledge (Bailey, 1997). This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY 6 Background § It was random, unplanned, unsystematic, unmethodical and disorganized process. § 965-1040: Hasan Ibn al-Haytham Pioneer of the scientific method, the first scientist (Gorini, 2003; Thiele, 2005; Steffens, 2006) Q Q ‫ﺔ اﻹﺣﺴﺎس ﺛﻢ‬y‫ﻔ‬y‫ﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻛ‬Uu‫ﺸ‬s ‫ وﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻻ‬،op‫ وﻣﺎ ﻣﻄﺮد ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐ‬،‫ﺼﺎر‬X‫ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻹ‬PR bU‫ﺎﺳﺘﻘﺮاء ﻣﺎ _ﺨﺺ اﻟ‬X ‫ﺤﺚ‬U‫ اﻟ‬PR ‫ﺘﺪئ‬L‫ﻧ‬ Q Q Q PR ‫ وﻧﺠﻌﻞ ﻏﺮﺿﻨﺎ‬،‫ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬PR ‫ﺐ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺘﻘﺎد اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺎت واﻟﺘﺤﻔﻆ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻐﻠﻂ‬ƒ‫ﺗ‬o•‫ﺲ ﻋ† اﻟﺘﺪر‡ـ ـﺞ واﻟ‬ƒ‫ﺤﺚ واﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳ‬U‫ اﻟ‬PR €R • ‫ﻧﺮﺗ‬ Q ‫ﻞ ﻣﻊ‬y‫ وﻻ اﻟﻤ‬،‫ﺘﻘﺪە ﻃﻠﺐ اﻟﺤﻖ‬¢‫ە وﻧ‬oQ p ‫ ﺳﺎﺋﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻤ‬PR ‫ وﻧﺘﺤّﺮى‬،‫ﺎع اﻟﻬﻮى‬U‫‡ﻪ وﻧﺘﺼﻔﺤﻪ اﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻟﻌﺪل ﻻ اﺗ‬š‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺎ ™ﺴﺘﻘ‬ (١٠‫ ص‬،٢٠٠٤ ،‫" )ﻧﺼﺎر‬.‫اﻵراء‬ § 18th-19th century: scientific research was more focused, and scientists followed a particular line of work in medicine, chemistry, physics and other disciplines (e.g.: Newton’s work on gravity and Harrison’s work on longitude) § 1878: first published dental research by Magitot on the prevalence of dental caries in soldiers of the French Army § 20th century: scientific research has become more planned, systematic, rigorous and methodical process (e.g.: Fleming’s work on penicillin). 7 ‫اﻻﺳﺗﻘراء‬ ‫اﻻرﺗﻘﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺑﺣث‬ ‫واﻟﻣﻘﺎﯾﯾس‬ ‫اﻟﺗدرﯾﺞ‬ ‫واﻟﺗرﺗﯾب‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣﻔظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻌدل‬ ‫ﺗﺣري اﻟﺣق‬ What is Scientific Research? § “If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn’t be called research, would it?” Albert Einstein § The scientific research should (Bowling, 2014): 1. Contribute to a body of science 2. Follow the scientific method 8 What is Scientific Research? § The scientific research definitions: - “Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyse information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue” (Creswell, 2018). - Research is the process of systematically and carefully investigating a subject in order to discover new insights about the world (Jacobsen,2020). - “Research is the systemic and rigorous process of enquiry which aims to describe phenomena and to develop and test explanatory concepts and theories” (Bowling, 2014). - “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control observed phenomena” (Babbie, 2013). - According to World Health Organisation (2001), “Research is a quest for knowledge through diligent search or investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of new knowledge. Scientific method is a systematic body of procedures and techniques applied in carrying out investigation or experimentation targeted at obtaining new knowledge. 9 What is Scientific Research? § Research and scientific methods may be considered a course of critical inquiry leading to the discovery of fact or information which increases our understanding of human health and disease (WHO, 2001). § Therefore, Research and Scientific Method are closely related. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC 10 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? Scientific Method § The goal of science is to develop a systematic relation of facts. § The scientific method seeks to deliver this goal by experimentation, observation, and logical reasoning based on accepted theories, hypotheses, or postulates. § The scientific method's significant difference from other methods (non-scientific) is that researchers let fact speak for itself, supporting a theory when its findings are validated and rejecting it when it is false. § Therefore, the scientific method requires an aim, objectives, logical, and systematic approach. 11 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? Scientific Method This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC - a method free of personal bias or prejudice, - a method to verify a phenomenon, - a method in which the rules of logical reasoning guide the researcher, - a method in which the research is conducted in an ordered manner, - a method that reflects internal consistency. 12 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? § § § § Research Methods vs Research Methodology “Research methods” and “research methodology” are two terms that might be used interchangeably. However, they are distinct and have different meanings and applications in scientific research. It is necessary for the researcher to know not only the research methods or techniques but also the research methodology. Research methodology has many dimensions, and research methods do constitute a part of the research methodology. Illustrates how research methodology and research method relate to each other. Source: Andiappan and Wan (2020) 13 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? Research Methodology § Research methodology is a way to systematically study the various steps a researcher adopts in studying research problems. § It may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. § It encompasses the logic, assumptions, justification, and rationale behind the chosen methods. § It seeks to answer questions related to the choice of research methods, the definition of the research problem, the formulation of hypotheses, and the techniques used for data analysis. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA 14 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? Research Methods § Research methods may be defined as all those methods/techniques that are used for conduction of research. § Thus, it refers to the methods the researchers use in performing research operations. § All those methods which are used by the researcher during the course of studying his research problem are termed as research methods. 15 Scientific Research vs Scientific Method vs Research Methods vs Research Methodology? Research Methods vs Research Methodology Research Methodology Research Methods Definition The study of research methods in other to logically justify why any particular method should be preferred to others The techniques and procedures used in solving research problems Aim The major aim is to ensure that appropriate methods are used to solve research problems The major aim is to solve the research problem Encompasses both research Is a component of research Component methods and the logic behind methodology and hence narrower and Scope their adoption and hence broader in scope in scope 16 The Goals of The Scientific Research § The primary goal or purpose of research in any field of inquiry; is to add to what is known about the phenomenon under investigation by applying scientific methods. § Though each research has its own specific goals, we may enumerate the following 4 broad goals of scientific research: Exploration What it happens Description How it happens Explanation Why it happens Prediction When it happens 17 The Characteristics of Scientific Research Methodical and Systematic Research is conducted in a methodical manner without bias using systematic method and procedures Logical Critical Research is based on valid procedures and principles. Research exhibits careful and precise judgment. Analytical Research utilizes proven analytical procedures in gathering the data, whether historical, descriptive, and experimental and case study. Replicable The research design and procedures are replicated or repeated to enable the researcher to arrive at valid and conclusive results. 18 Empirical Research is based on direct experience or observation by the researcher. Cyclical Research is a cyclical process because it starts with a problem and ends with a problem. The difference between theory and hypothesis § Theory: the scientific body of knowledge and explanatory frameworks that seeking to explain and expand our understanding of phenomenon (Moore, 1984). § Hypothesis: an idea usually based on theory or researcher readings or maybe results from observations (Hicks, 2009). It can be tested to provide support for, or challenge a theory. § Research is the vehicle for theory development. § Cyclic relationship between theory and research. 19 Deductive versus Inductive Theory Scientific research could be one of two possible approaches depending on scientist’s training or interest: 1. Deductive: the researcher test concepts, and observation known from established theory (theory-verification research) 2. Inductive: the goal of the researcher is to infer theoretical concepts from observations and builds up ideas to generate theory (theorygeneration research) 20 21 Deductive Theory: Example Agamy HA, Bakry NS, Mounir MM, Avery DR. Comparison of mineral trioxide aggregate and formocresol as pulp-capping agents in pulpotomized primary teeth. Pediatr Dent. 2004 Jul-Aug;26(4):302-9. PMID: 15344622 Skeie MS, Raadal M, Strand GV, Espelid I. The relationship between caries in the primary dentition at 5 years of age and permanent dentition at 10 years of age - a longitudinal study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2006 May;16(3):152-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-263X.2006.00720.x. PMID: 16643535. 22 23 Inductive Theory: Example Tiemens K, Nicholas D, Forrest CR. Living with difference: experiences of adolescent girls with cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2013 Mar;50(2):e27-34. doi: 10.1597/10-278. Epub 2012 May 14. PMID: 22582952. Awojobi O, Newton JT, Scott SE. Why don't dentists talk to patients about oral cancer? Br Dent J. 2015 May 8;218(9):537-41. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2015.343. PMID: 25952436. 24 Research Designs Research Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Objective To quantify data and generalise results from a sample to the population of interest To measure the incidence of various views and opinions in a chosen sample To gain an understanding of the underlying reasons and motivations To uncover prevalent trends in thought and opinion Approach Deductive Measure and test Inductive Observe and interpret Design Fixed Flexible Sample : large Data collection: Quantitative data based on precise measurements Sample : small Data collection: Qualitative data such as interviews, focus groups, observations and notes Methods Data analysis: identify patterns, features and themes Data analysis: identify statistical relationships Researcher Independence Objective Subjective Outcome report with correlation, comparison of means and statistical significance of findings Narrative report with contextual description and direct quotations from respondent Adapted from Johnson and Christine (2008) 25 Mixed Methods Research Research types Algorithm for classifying the types of research, this scheme is intended to classify the study types as clearly as possible. Medical Research Primary Research Epidemiological Research Basic Research Theoretical § § § § Method development § (physics, chemistry § biology, § bioinformatics) § Analytical § measurement procedure Imaging procedure Test development assessment procedure Weaker evidence Secondary Research Applied Cell research Animal research Stem cell research Genetics Tissue banking Clinical Research Descriptive Case Report A report on a single patient with an outcome of interest Case Series A report on a series of patients with an outcome of interest. No control group is involved Analytical Surveillance Study Report obtained from the databases that follow and record a health problem for a certain time Qualitative Ecological Cross-sectional Examines the relationship between exposure and outcome by examining population-level data rather than individuallevel data 26 Exposure and Exposure ← Outcome outcome are at the same time Meta-analysis QuasiExperimental Research Randomised Controlled Trial Case-control Systematic Review Cohort Exposure → Outcome Stronger evidence Research Vs Service evaluation Vs Audit Research Ethics Committee (REC) 27 Key Skills for Research 28 References Required: Neale, J., 2020. Research methods for health and social care. Bloomsbury Publishing. Jacobsen, K.H., 2020. Introduction to health research methods: A practical guide. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Additional: Bowling, A., 2014. Research methods in health: Investigating health and health services. Maidenhead, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2018. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications. World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2001. Health research methodology : a guide for training in research methods. 2nd ed.. WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/206929 References Cited references: Andiappan, V., Wan, Y.K. Distinguishing approach, methodology, method, procedure and technique in process systems engineering. Clean Techn Environ Policy 22, 547–555 (2020). Bailey, D.M. (1997) Research for the health professional: A practical guide. 2nd edn. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company Bowling, A. (2014) Research methods in health: Investigating health and health services. Maidenhead, United Kingdom: Open University Press. Bryman, A. (2012) Social research methods. 4th edn. New York: Oxford University Press. Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2018. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications Gorini, R. (2003) Al-Haytham the man of experience. First steps in the science of vision. Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine, 2(4), pp.53-55 Hicks, C.M. (2009) Research methods for clinical therapists: Applied project design and analysis. 5th edn. EDINBURGH: Churchill Livingstone. Johnson, R.B. and Christensen, L.B. (2008) Educational Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches. 3rd Edition, Sage Publications, Inc., Lose Angeles Moore, J.A. (1984) ‘Science as a way of Knowing—Evolutionary biology’, American Zoologist, 24(2), pp. 467–534. Rosenberg, W., & Donald, A. (1995) Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 310(6987), 1122–1126. Steffens, B. (2007) Ibn al-Haytham: first scientist. Morgan Reynolds Pub. Thiele, R., (2005). In Memoriam: Matthias Schramm. Arabic Sciences and Philosophy, 15, pp.329-331 Next Lecture: Overview of Research Designs and The Health Research Process Thank you! Any questions [email protected]