Research Methodology in Dentistry. The Scientific Method (2023-2024) PDF

Lesson 4 Research methodology in Dentistry. The scientific method Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD Bachelor in Dentistry ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 ÍNDICE TABLE CONTENIDOS OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Research Scientific Method Research Lifecycle Schol...

Lesson 4 Research methodology in Dentistry. The scientific method Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD Bachelor in Dentistry ACADEMIC YEAR 2023-2024 ÍNDICE TABLE CONTENIDOS OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Research Scientific Method Research Lifecycle Scholarly communication Academic Journals 2 1. Research Definition “Systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon (Earl Robert Babbie) ➢ Inductive methods: analyze an observe the event. Inductive approaches are associated with qualitative research (health sciences) ➢ Deductive methods: verify the observed event. Deductive methods are more commonly associated with quantitative analysis (logical sciences) 3 1. Research Characteristics ➢ Systematic ➢ Organized ➢ Objective 4 2. Scientific Method Definition “empirical, controlled, critical and systematic study of hypotheses that attempt to explain presumed relationships between various phenomena”. (Kerlinger, 1973) 5 CONCEPTUAL HYPOTESIS Synthesis and formulation of assumptios THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE Current knowledge of the problem WORKING HYPOTESIS Design and objectives of the study Scientific method stages OBSERVATIONS Data collection CONCLUSIONS, INTERPRETATIONS Revision of hypothesis, and inferences EMPIRICAL FINDINGS Analysis of data INFORMATION STORAGE Data organization 6 2. Scientific Method Research phases ❑ PRELIMINARY PHASE WHAT? WHY? HOW? 1. Identification of a problem: 2. Background of the topic 3. Hypothesis and objectives Feasible Interesting Novel Ethical Relevant ❑ CHOICE OF A DESIGN ❑ PLANNING 1. Scope 2. Variables 3. Data collection and analysis 4. Organization: chronogram, ethics, budget.. 7 2. Scientific Method Tools ❑ EPIDEMIOLOGY ❑ STATISTICS 8 3. Research Lifecycle 9 4. Scholarly communications Process of sharing, disseminating and publishing research findings of academics and researchers so that the generated academic contents are made available to the global academic communities 10 11 5. Academic Journals Changes in the journal funding model ✓ Traditionally published by scientific societies and national academies of science (membership-based, non-profit institutions) ✓ Most transferred their journal publishing activities to for-profit publishers or companies. ✓ Types: ✓ Resticted acces journals ✓ Open acces journals ✓ Hybrid journals ✓ Publication fee or article processing charge (APC) 12 5. Academic Journals Changes in the journal distribution format PRINT FORMAT ON LINE FORMAT Limited readership Unlimited readership Limited space to publish due to high costs of printing and distribution More flexibility to accommodate articles and features Articles “in press” Allow embedding of graphs, photos, video clippings, and hyperlink to other referred sources ✓ Unique document identifier to each on line published article: Digital Object Identifier (DOI) 13 5. Academic Journals Peer review process 14 5. Academic Journals Electronic database of journals ✓ BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASES: Contains bibliographic records of papers, published in different peer-reviewed academic journals. Contains information on article title, names of authors, their affiliation, institutional address, journal title, pagination, issue number, volume number, year of publication, abstract, DOI…(i.e. Medline) ✓ CITATION DATABASES: In addition, records referred literature listed with every published document as its list of references (i.e. Web of Sicence –WoS includes science citation indexes: SCI-expanded) ✓ FULL-TEXT DATABASES AND JOURNAL AGGREGATORS: Aggregate full-text journal contents in common searchable databases for providing single interface online access to researchers (i.e. PubMed Central) 15 5. Academic Journals Electronic database of journals ✓ E-JOURNAL GATEWAYS: Host full-texts of different journals, published by various publishers, mainly non-profit publishers. These gateways are often supported by the regional research councils or international research funding agencies.(i.e. SciELO) ✓ ON LINE DIRECTORIES OF JOURNALS: identify academic journals along with their additional details 16 5. Academic Journals Author guidelines for submitting their manuscripts Usually the text of articles has de IMRAD structure: ✓ INTRODUCTION ✓ MATERIALS and METHODS ✓ RESULTS ✓ DISCUSSION Useful to write assignments, Final Degree Projects, Master Thesis and PhD Thesis 17 Style ✓ Aim: convey ideas, information or knowledge to othe readers ✓ Ideas need to be well-structured ✓ Structure should be a reflection of the process of scientific discovery. ✓ Language should be clear and concise ✓ Use past and passive ✓ “Less is more” 18 Sectioning 19 Title ✓ Should be very limited and specific ✓ Should be a pithy summary of the article’s main focus ✓ Will make electronic retrieval of the article sensitive and specific 20 21 Abstract ✓ Short description of the purpose of the writing, basic procedures, main findings and principal conclusions ✓ Broad specification what is whole document about ✓ Think of the process as taking a few sentences from each section ✓ Read first, but written last 22 Introduction ✓ Provide a context or background for the study (that is, the nature of the problem and its significance) ✓ Telescopic focus: from broader context, gradually narrow to the specific problema adressed ✓ Typical construction: ✓ placing the study subject in context ✓ description of the problem and its history ✓ describe how the work adress a gap in existing knowledge ✓ state what information your article will adress 23 Material and Methods ✓ Description on how the study was performed ✓ Enough information for the reader to duplicate the experiment, assuming that he is familiar with the basic practices of your field ✓ Helpful to organize this section chronologically 24 25 Results ✓ Present results in logical sequence in the text, tables, and figures, giving the main or most important findings first. ✓ Do not repeat all the data in the tables or figures in the text; only emphasize the most important observations ✓ Use graphs as an alternative to tables with many entries ✓ Give numeric results not only as derivatives (percentages) but also as the absolute numbers 26 Discussion ✓ Useful to begin by briefly summarizing the main findings, and explore possible mechanisms or explanations for these findings ✓ Focus on particular questions or hypotheses ✓ Link the conclusions with the goals of the study but avoid unqualified statements and conclusions not adequately supported by the data. ✓ Emphasize the new and important aspects of your study. ✓ Typical approach: make a list of ideas that you will discuss and work out the logical relationships between them 27 Acknowledgements 28 Acknowledgements 29 Acknowledgements 30 References ✓ Make sure they are formatted correctly: VANCOUVER CITING & REFERENCING STYLE ✓ Recent ✓ Should not be used by authors to promote self-interests (do not overuse sef-citation) 31 If it is not published it will not exist in the eyes of Science 32 Remember ✓ ✓ ✓ Scientific method starts definnig the research question. Then conceptual hypothesis is made and the objectives are directly derived from it. Next stage is selection of the design of the study. Afterwards we can collect and analyze the data in order to interpret the results and issue the conclusions. The initial hypothesis might be rejecteed or not after our research, which will make us advance in knowledge. Scholarly communication is only a small component of the much broader research cycle, being academic journals the most popular form of communication. Academic journals are considered to be a primary source of information. Their access can be open or restricted (or both), all have an on line edition and recquire peer reviewing to ensure quality assurance, novelty in reported results and adherence to presentation and ethical standards. 33 BIBLIOGRAPHY REFERENCIAS -Scholarly communication. UNESCO. 2015. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000231938 BIBLIOGRÁFICAS -Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. International Comitee of Medical Journal Editor. May 2022. https://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf -Vancouver citing & referencing style. Quick reference guide. Monash University. May 2020. https://guides.lib.monash.edu/ld.php?content_id=48260115 ADITIONAL MATERIAL -How to read a scientific paper 34 Prof. Eugenia García Zaragozá, PhD [email protected] UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia © © UCAM UCAM