W2 - human body and respiration.pdf

W2 - human body and respiration Friday, 8 March 2024 2:07 pm The human body: structural organisation of the body: Structural components: - Cells, tissues, organs (viscera - internal organs), systems Systems: - Digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, nervous & senses, circulatory -...

W2 - human body and respiration Friday, 8 March 2024 2:07 pm The human body: structural organisation of the body: Structural components: - Cells, tissues, organs (viscera - internal organs), systems Systems: - Digestive, urinary, respiratory, reproductive, endocrine, nervous & senses, circulatory - cardiovascular and lymphatic, musculoskeletal, integumentary The study of cells - the differences Nerve cells contain fibrous extensions to aid carrying impulses Fat cells containing large spaces for fat storage Muscle cells that are long that contain fibres that help the contraction and relaxation of muscles Reproductive cells which are the ovum and sperm that contain half the number of chromosomes of the normal body Epithelial cells, also called lining cells are flat and square in order to aid protection for example skin cells The study of tissues - 'Hist/o/logy' Connective tissue helps connect, support, insulates and stabilises organs Muscle tissues function provides movement, maintaining posture and providing heat. Grouped into 3 categories - Skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles Nervous tissue helps to control and coordinate the bodies functions./ making up the central nervous system and sending messages around the body. Epithelial tissue lines all of the external surfaces within the body, also lining the internal organs and cavities. The study of organs: Digestive system organs: - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines both small and large, liver, gallbladder and pancreas Body cavities: Dorsal - cavities are in the back Digestive system organs: - Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines both small and large, liver, gallbladder and pancreas Body cavities: Dorsal - cavities are in the back - Cranial , spinal Ventral - cavities in the front - Thoracic § Pleura § Mediastinum - Abdominal - Pelvic Abdominopelvic quadrants: - Right upper quadrant RUQ - Left upper quadrant LUQ - Right lower quadrant RLQ - Left lower quadrant LLQ Regions: right Hypochondriac, Epigastric, left Hypochondriac - Top: - Middle: right Lumbar, Umbilical, left Lumbar - Bottom: right Inguinal (iliac), hypogastric, left Inguinal (iliac) Divisions of the Spinal Column: Cervical region located in the neck area (combining form: cervic/o) - Has 7 vertebrae, labelled C1 to C7, abbreviation is C Thoracic region located in the chest area (combining form: thorac/o) - Has 12 vertebrae, labelled T1 to T12, abb is T Lumbar region located in the loin/waist area (CF:lumb/o) - Has 5 vertebrae, labelled L1 to L5, abb is L Sacral region located in the lower back area (sacr/o) - Has 5 fused vertabrae, labelled S1 to S5, abb is S Coccyx is a small bone - Has 4 fused pieces with no abb Spinal column refers to the bone whereas the spinal cord refers to the nerves or the nerve tissue The Respiratory system: upper respiratory tract: Nose - sense organ involved in respiration and olfaction Pharynx (throat) - composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynogopharynx Epiglottis - a flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea Larynx (voice box) - contains vocal cords Nose - sense organ involved in respiration and olfaction Pharynx (throat) - composed of nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynogopharynx Epiglottis - a flap of cartilage that prevents food from entering the trachea Larynx (voice box) - contains vocal cords Oesophagus - canal extending from the pharynx to the stomach Trachea (windpipe) - tube which conveys air to the lungs lower respiratory tract: Lungs (and Diaphragm) - Spongy organ responsible for breathing - Expiration - breathing out - Inspiration - breathing in Bronchus - branch of the trachea that is a passageway into the lungs airspaces Bronchioles - the smallest passageway of the bronchi Alveolus - the final branches of the tract responsible for gas exchange Respiratory system function: The exchange of air between the lungs and the external environment providing oxygen needed by cells and the body. Respiration is both internal and external Air is breathed through the nasal cavity/mouth and down the throat Carbon dioxide is breathed out Capillaries and alveoil help exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Pathology illnesses: Asthma - Chronic inflammatory disorder, characterised by airway obstruction Caused by oedema, bronchoconstriction and increased mucous production Bronchitis - Inflammation of the bronchi Obstructive lung diseases - Obstruction of air flow through the bronchial tubes and lungs - Also referred to as: (COAD/COPD/COLD) Chronic obstructive airway disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive lung disease - Obstruction of air flow through the bronchial tubes and lungs - Also referred to as: (COAD/COPD/COLD) Chronic obstructive airway disease Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Chronic obstructive lung disease - Emphysema a disease that causes damage to the air sacs of the lungs and can lead to breathlessness Atelectasis - Incomplete expansion of alveoli; collapsed, functionless, airless lung or portion of lung Anthracosis - Coal dust accumulating in the lungs Asbestosis and Mesothelioma - Built up of fibrous tissue in the lungs due to inhaling asbestos Diptheria - Acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory track caused by the diptheria bacterium Pertussis (whooping cough) - Highly contagious bacterial infection of the pharynx, larynx and trachea Pneumonia - Inflammation/infection of the lungs Tuberculosis - Contagious bacterial infection caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis which involves the lungs and other possible organs