Anatomy & Physiology Of Respiration 1 (NNNA 1423) PDF

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEARING AND SPEECH (NNNA 1423) ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION 1 Nur Hanisah Tukiran Department of Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology Kull of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia ...

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY FOR HEARING AND SPEECH (NNNA 1423) ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY OF RESPIRATION 1 Nur Hanisah Tukiran Department of Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology Kull of Allied Health Sciences International Islamic University Malaysia  RESPIRATION The exchange of gas between an organism and its environment. It involves inspiration & expiration  Cont… Inspiration The process of bringing air into the lungs for respiration. Expiration The process of eliminating air from the lungs for respiration SUPPORT STRUCTURE FOR RESPIRATION  VERTEBRAL COLUMN Composed of 33 segments of bone. Five divisions: - cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal Cont…  protected Cont... a helps ↑ The general structure includes a prominent spinous process and transverse process on both sides. Crucial role in movement & stability of Spine The corpus makes up the anterior, with a prominent hole or vertebral foramen just posterior to that. Vertebrae segments ride one atop another to form the vertebral column, and this articulation is completed by means of the superior and inferior articular facets. small , flat surfaces on vertebrae the  Cont… The twelve thoracic vertebrae are the base of the respiratory framework because they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs. The superior and inferior costal facets are the points of attachment for the ribs.  Cont… The five lumbar vertebrae provide direct or indirect attachment for a host of back and abdominal muscles, as well as for the posterior fibers of the diaphragm.  RIBS & RIBS CAGE The rib cage is made up of 12 ribs Three general classes: – True ribs (ribs 1 through 7) Direct attachment with the sternum – False ribs (ribs 8,9, and 10) The chondral portion must run superiorly to attach to the sternum – Floating ribs (ribs 11 and 12) Articulate only with the vertebral column Cont…  Cont… The mobility of the rib cage is granted by the articulation of the vertebrae and ribs – elevate during inspiration  STERNUM The sternum has 3 components: – Manubrium (point of attachment for clavicle and first rib) – Corpus (body) – Xiphoid process/ ensiform process The clavicle & first rib are attached to the manubrium streni The second rib articulates at the juncture of manubrium and corpus The next 5 ribs articulate directly with the corpus  PELVIC GIRDLE Provides a strong structure for attaching the legs to vertebral column. Made up of the ileum, sacrum, pubic bone and ischium. Cont…  PECTORAL GIRDLE The pectoral or shoulder includes the scapula and clavicle. Clavicle provides the anterior support for the shoulder by its articulation with the scapula The scapula has its only skeletal attachment via the clavicle, which in turn has its only skeletal attachment at the sternum. Cont… MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION  DIAPHRAGM Primary muscle of inspiration Takes the form of a large inverted bowl The edges of this muscle attach: – along the inferior boundary of the rib cage (ribs 7-12) - lateral – the xiphoid process – anterior – vertebral column (lumbar vertebrae)- posterior aspect.  Cont… When the muscle contracts, muscle fibres shorten, and the diaphragm pulls the central tendon down and back. diaphragm downwards Cont…  Cont… and lune  ACCESSORY MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION Are needed for forced inspiration.  Muscles Origin Course Insertion Function External intercostal Inferior surface of Downward and Superior surface of Elevates the rib ribs 1-11 inward ribs immediately cage Anterior below Interchondral Inferior margins of Down and lateral Superior surface of Elevates the rib portion of internal ribs 1-11 ribs below cage intercostal Levator Costarum -Brevis -Transverse process -Obliquely down -Rib below -Elevates the rib of C7-T11 and out cage Posterior -longis - Transverse process - Obliquely down -Bypass the rib - Elevation of the of T7-T11 and out below the point of rib cage (greater origin, inserting into effect) the next rib Serratus Posterior Spinous processes Down and laterally Ribs 2 -5 Elevates the rib Superior of C7-T3 cage Sternocleidomastoid Mastoid process Down Sternum and Elevates the clavicle sternum and Muscles of neck anterior rib cage Scalenus -Anterior -transverse -Superior surface of processes of C3-C6 first rib -Middle -Transverse - down -First rib Elevates rib cage processes C2 – C7 -Posterior -Transverse -Second rib processes C5-C7 MUSCLES OF EXPIRATION  Cont… Ways to “squeeze” the air out of lungs: – Reducing the front to back dimension of the rib cage. – Reducing the superior- inferior of the thorax dimension. Cont… Muscles Origin Course Insertion Function Interosseous Superior Running up and Inferior surface Depressing the portion of the margin of each medially of above rib rib cage internal rib intercostal muscles Transversus Margin of the Up and Inner chondral Decreases the thoracis sternum laterally surface of ribs volume of the 2 -6 thoracic cavity Serratus Spinous Up and Lower margin Pulls the rib posterior processes of laterally of the lower cage down inferior T11 – L3 five ribs Ractus Inferior origin Up Xiphoid Draws the chest Abdominis at the pubis process and closer to the the cartilage of knee 7th rib & false ribs External Along the Fan downward Iliac crest, Draws the chest oblique osseous portion inguinal closer to the abdominis of the lower ligament and knee seven ribs abdominal aponeurosis  side back above befor  SOFT TISSUE OF THE THORAX & RESPIRATORY PASSAGEWAY  TRACHEA Composed of a series of 16 to 20 hyaline cartilage rings. It runs from the inferior border of the larynx for about 11cm, where it divides to become the left and the right mainstem bronchi, which serve the left and right lungs respectively. Posterior to the trachea is the esophagus. back side Cont…  LUNGS The right lung is composed of three lobes, separated by fissures. The left lung has only two lobes. The right mainstem bronchus divided to supply the superior, middle, and inferior lobes. The left mainstem bronchus divided to serve the superior and inferior lobes of the left lung. Cont…