VMED105 – Introduction to Veterinary Medicine PDF

VMED105 – Introduction to Veterinary Medicine Hazim Khalifa Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine  Veterinary Sciences Hist...

VMED105 – Introduction to Veterinary Medicine Hazim Khalifa Assistant Professor of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Veterinary Medicine College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine  Veterinary Sciences History Veterinary Medicine can simply be defined as the study of the art and science of prevention and treatment of animal diseases. Veterinary Medicine is medicine related to animals. Historians believe that the world’s greatest ancient discovery occurred about 8000 B.C., with the conversion of human beings from hunter-gatherers into farmers and keepers of livestock.  Origin of Veterinary Medicine/Ancient Civilization Highly developed composite civilizations existed about 7000 years ago in the Nile valley and in the Babylonian land of the Two Rivers. One of the Babylonian Kings, Hammurabi, who reigned about 2000 B.C., was particularly famous for his love for law and order. The practice of Veterinary Medicine was among the many professions regulated in the “code of Hammurabi”. Origin of Veterinary Medicine/Ancient Civilization THE CODE OF HAMMURABI 224. If a veterinary surgeon performs a serious operation on an ass or an ox, and cures it, the owner shall pay the surgeon one-sixth of a shekel as a fee. 225. If he performs a serious operation on an ass or ox, and kills it, he shall pay the owner one-fourth of its value.  Origin of Veterinary Medicine/Ancient Civilization Archaeological evidences such as from paintings on tombs and popular ancient Papyrus of Kahun written around 1800 B.C. (the oldest veterinary record in existence) showed that veterinary practice existed around 2000 B.C. in ancient Egypt and Asia  Origin of Veterinary Medicine/Ancient Civilization Hieroglyphs in Egypt refer to placing stones in a female camel’s uterus to prevent pregnancy.  Greek contribution A famous Greek Philosopher, Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.), studied animals and recorded his observations based upon discovered facts and classified animals according to their similarities of structure. A Veterinarian, Apsyrtus of Constantinople, who lived around 350 A.D. described many of the infectious and contagious diseases of the horse. Because Apsyrytus was one of the most famous of animal doctors up to that time, some historians consider him the Father of Veterinary Medicine.  Muslim contribution Beginning around 600 A.D, Islam swept through Arabia, Syria, and Persia and across all of North Africa. By 715 A.D., their empire extended from Spain to the Indus River in India. After establishing their empire, Muslim scholars eagerly pursued all phases of learning. The works of the Greek philosophers, scientists, and physicians, dormant for centuries were revived by Arabian scholars who enriched them with their observations and translated them into Arabic.  Europe contribution Between 1711 and 1769, millions of cattle died in Western Europe due to cattle plagues. However, when the cattle plague reached Rome in 1713 A.D., Pope Clemens XI directed his physician, Giovanni Lancisi to investigate the cause of the cattle plague. Giovanni gave a detailed description including post-mortem lesions of a disease called Rinderpest as well as recommendations to prevent the spread of the disease.  Formal Veterinary Education The first Veterinary school was founded at Lyons, France in 1761 by Claude Bourgelat who was one of the upper class, educated in law, and was an internationally –famous horseman. In 1764, Bourgelat was called to Paris by the French government to found the National Veterinary School at Alfort, where special attention was paid to cattle and sheep.  Formal Veterinary Education Following these two (2) Veterinary Schools in France came the following schools in Europe: Country Location Year established Italy Turin 1769 Sweden Copenhagen 1773 Austria Vienna 1777 Germany Giessen 1777 Hungary Budapest 1787 England London 1791 Scotland Edinburgh 1823  Veterinary Education in the Americas In North America, the first Veterinary School is the Ontario Veterinary College, Guelph in Canada which was established in 1862. This was followed by the Veterinary School in Iowa, USA in 1879 and another in Pennsylvania in 1884.  British Veterinary Profession The development of the British veterinary profession began in 1785 when the Odiham Agricultural Society held a meeting at which it resolved “promotion of the study of farriery upon rational scientific principles” Out of the Society's deliberations came the establishment of the Royal Veterinary College in 1791, the start of the development of veterinary science and a professional group dedicated to animal medicine.  British Veterinary Profession Veterinary Medicine has contributed its quota to uplift the human race. A veterinarian of note is Dr. J.B. Dunlop (1840-1921), whose observations from the hoof of the horse led to the development of pneumatic or inflatable tyre in 1888 and commercial production began in Belfast in 1890. Dunlop’s image appears today on the £10 note in circulation in Northern Ireland.  Veterinary Establishment and Education in Africa Rinderpest (cattle plague) was introduced into Africa in 1889 through the North-Eastern end around Ethiopia and Somalia and by 1896, the disease has spread into South Africa killing not only cattle but also many wild antelopes. By this time, other important disease especially Trypanosomosis have also been described in Africa. The need to control these diseases was the force that encouraged the process of the establishment of Veterinary laboratories and research institutes in Africa.  First Veterinary Schools in Africa S/N UNIVERSITY YEAR 1 Cairo University, Gaza, Egypt 1901 2 University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa 1920 3 University of Khartoum, Sudan, Egypt 1938 4 University of Cairo, Egypt 1946  Recent breakthroughs in veterinary medicine 1- MRI MRI is also very effective for getting scans of orthopaedic and soft tissue structures prior to surgery. 2- Laparoscopy Laparoscopic procedures use a small camera and light source that can be inserted into the abdominal or thoracic cavity to see inside the body.  Recent breakthroughs in veterinary medicine 3- 3D Printing This rapid-prototyping process has been applied to veterinary practice to create animal bone models from the information gathered from computed tomography scans. This enables vets and surgeons to have a solid grasp of a patient’s internal bone or muscle structure before going in to operate.  Recent breakthroughs in veterinary medicine 4- Cancer Vaccine The vets now able to vaccinate against some forms of cancer. The vaccine is intended for melanoma, a type of skin cancer, and is considered a huge breakthrough in animal welfare, particularly for dogs. 5- Animal Acupuncture Acupuncture can be used to treat ailments ranging from hip dysplasia to chronic degenerative joint disease.  Recent breakthroughs in veterinary medicine 6- Probiotics There are now a huge range of probiotic yogurts and food supplements available for cats and dogs, and they are proven to support a healthy and balanced diet. 7- Paternity Testing The University of Portsmouth is on the verge of launching a service that offers just that: a paternity test for dogs. Along with other DNA testing, dog owners can now test their dog’s DNA to complete a paternity test, as well as genetic tests that look for recessive genes that can lead to canine illnesses in certain breeds.