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Cinema & Audiovisual Vocabulary (English) PDF

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Summary

This document provides a list of cinematic and audiovisual vocabulary, including camera angles, shots, and composition techniques in English and French. It's a valuable resource for understanding film and filmmaking.

Full Transcript

Vocabulaire de cinéma et audiovisuel (engl) Extrait 1 – Séance 1 : (Leave no Trace, Debra Granik, 2018) Vocabulaire : ominous : menaçant sounds : sons threat : menace nature/ideal : nature/idéal long shot : plan large/plan d’ensemble play on scale : jeu sur les...

Vocabulaire de cinéma et audiovisuel (engl) Extrait 1 – Séance 1 : (Leave no Trace, Debra Granik, 2018) Vocabulaire : ominous : menaçant sounds : sons threat : menace nature/ideal : nature/idéal long shot : plan large/plan d’ensemble play on scale : jeu sur les proportions humming : bourdonnement smother : fluide close-ups : gros plans intimacy : intimité high angle : plongée outside observers : observateurs extérieurs overwhelmed : submergé on the whelming : en train d'être submergé vulnerability : vulnérabilité extreme close-ups : très gros plans Séance 2 : Analyse filmique et vocabulaire du cinéma Vocabulaire de base : analyse : analysis un film : film/movie les études filmiques : film studies (incl. gender, cultural, disability studies) le cinéma : cinema un cinéma (lieu) : theater (US) / theatre (UK) le public / spectateur·ice·s : audience / audience member / spectator / viewer Différence entre scène et séquence : Scène : Constituée de plusieurs plans, même lieu et temps continu. Séquence : Composée de plusieurs scènes, changement de lieu ou de temps. Exemple : The Dark Knight (Christopher Nolan, 2008) - La poursuite en voiture Termes techniques : un plan : shot filmer : to film / to shoot le cadre : the frame introduction : introduction scène d’introduction/d’ouverture : opening scene / opening sequence plan final : closing shot dans les coulisses : backstage / behind-the-scenes réalisateur : director scénariste : screenwriter intrigue : plot photographie : cinematography directeur de la photographie : director of photography (DP) producteur : producer musique de film / bande originale : music score soundtrack : bande-son équipe technique : crew casting/distribution : cast dans le champ / hors-champ : onscreen / offscreen camera : both “une caméra” and “un appareil photo” Échelle des plans (Camera range) : Plan d’ensemble : Establishing shot Plan général : Very long shot / wide shot Plan moyen / Plan pied : Full/long shot Plan américain : Medium long/full shot (cadrage à hauteur des cuisses) Plan rapproché : Medium shot (head to waist) Gros plan : Close-up Très gros plan : Extreme close-up Angles de caméra (Camera angles) : Plongée : High-angle shot Contre-plongée : Low-angle shot Plan de dos : Back shot Frontal : Frontal medium full shot Films à analyser : Memories of Murder The Shining Miami Vice Aftersun Camera Angles / Angles de caméra 1. Three-quarter medium long shot / Plan américain de trois quarts The character is slightly turned away from the camera. Le personnage est légèrement tourné sur le côté. Example from Pulp Fiction - Watch from 1:20 for dialogue scenes where characters are slightly turned away from each other. 2. Frontal medium full shot / Plan américain frontal The character is facing the camera, captured at mid-distance. Le personnage est face à la caméra, capturé à mi-distance. The Godfather - Restaurant Scene - Notice how Michael is positioned facing the camera at mid-distance (around 1:00). 3. Backshot / Plan de dos The character is seen from behind. Le personnage est vu de dos. Lost in Translation - Scarlett Johansson Intro - The opening shot shows the back of Johansson's character as she gazes out the window. 4. High-angle shot / Plongée The camera is placed above the subject, looking down to make the subject appear smaller or more vulnerable. La caméra est placée en hauteur, pointant vers le bas pour rendre le sujet plus petit ou vulnérable. Lord of the Rings - Frodo High Angle - In this clip, watch the scenes where Frodo looks small and vulnerable in the face of danger. 5. Low-angle shot / Contre-plongée The camera is placed below the subject, looking up to make the subject appear dominant or imposing. La caméra est placée en dessous du sujet, pointant vers le haut pour le rendre dominant ou imposant. Citizen Kane - Low Angle Shots - This video explains and showcases the low-angle shots used to portray Kane’s dominance. 6. Screenshot / Photogramme A still image taken from a film. Image fixe tirée d'un film. How to Take a Screenshot of a Movie Clip - This video explains how to take screenshots from films on YouTube. Session 3: Specific Camera Angles / Angles de caméra spécifiques 7. Overhead shot / Bird’s eye view / Plongée totale A shot taken from 90 degrees above the subject. Anything less might be considered a high-angle shot instead. Prise de vue à 90 degrés au-dessus du sujet. Si l'angle est inférieur à 90 degrés, il peut être considéré comme une simple plongée. Psycho - Overhead Shower Scene - Famous overhead shot starting at 1:15 during the shower scene. 8. Aerial shot / Prise de vue aérienne A shot taken from a helicopter or drone, often further away from the action. Vue aérienne prise à partir d'un hélicoptère ou d'un drone, souvent plus éloignée de l'action. The Shining - Opening Aerial Scene - An aerial shot of a car driving through the mountains from the opening scene. 9. Dutch angle / Plan cassé (débullé) A shot that has a noticeable tilt on the camera’s “x-axis”, creating an effect of imbalance. Un plan incliné avec un angle notable sur l'axe horizontal de la caméra, créant un effet de déséquilibre. The Third Man - Dutch Angle Analysis - This video analyzes how The Third Man uses Dutch angles to create tension and confusion. 10. Eye-level shot / Prise à hauteur d'œil The camera is positioned at the eye level of the character, creating a neutral and natural effect. La caméra est positionnée à hauteur des yeux du personnage, créant un effet naturel et neutre. Forrest Gump - Bench Scene - Notice the use of eye-level shots in the bench scenes to make the audience feel more connected to Forrest. 11. Shoulder-level shot / Plan à hauteur d’épaule The camera is positioned at the shoulder height of the character. La caméra est placée au niveau des épaules du personnage. Breaking Bad - Walter and Jesse Dialogue - Shoulder-level shots during intense dialogue between the two characters. 12. Profile shot / Plan profil The character is filmed from the side, showing their profile. Le personnage est filmé de côté, montrant son profil. Drive - Ryan Gosling Profile Shot - Profile shots of Ryan Gosling’s character throughout the movie, like at 2:10. 13. Profile close-up / Gros plan profil A close-up shot of the character’s profile. Gros plan sur le profil du personnage. Amélie - Close-up on Amélie’s Face - Notice the profile close-ups at 1:10 and how they focus on her curiosity. 14. POV shot (Point-of-view) / Plan subjectif / Plan à la première personne The camera shows what the character sees, involving the viewer directly in the character’s experience. La caméra montre ce que voit le personnage, impliquant directement le spectateur dans son expérience visuelle. Halloween - Opening POV Scene - The famous POV shot from Michael Myers' perspective at the beginning of the movie. 15. Over-the-shoulder shot / Plan par-dessus l’épaule A shot over a character’s shoulder, often used in dialogue to show the other character’s perspective. Prise de vue par-dessus l’épaule d'un personnage, souvent utilisée dans les dialogues pour montrer la perspective de l'autre personnage. The Office - Over-the-shoulder Shot in Conversation - Typical over-the-shoulder shots during awkward dialogues, common in the show. 16. Shot/reverse shot / Champ contre-champ A technique used in dialogue where the camera alternates between the characters talking. Technique utilisée dans les dialogues où la caméra alterne entre les personnages qui se parlent. Casablanca - Final Conversation Scene - The use of shot/reverse shot during the emotional dialogue between Rick and Ilsa at the airport. Composition and Focus Techniques / Techniques de composition et mise au point 17. Frame-within-a-frame composition / Surcadrage A technique where an element in the scene (such as a door or window, but not necessarily) frames the main subject, adding depth or emphasis. Example: No Country for Old Men. Technique où un élément de la scène (comme une porte ou une fenêtre, mais pas forcément) encadre le sujet principal, ajoutant de la profondeur ou un accent visuel. 18. Focus / Out of focus / La mise au point Focus can be on a specific element, such as a character in the foreground, while the rest remains blurry. La mise au point peut être sur un élément spécifique, comme un personnage au premier plan, tandis que le reste est flou. 19. Deep focus / Longue focale Everything in the frame, from the foreground to the background, is sharp and in focus. Tous les éléments de l’image, du premier au dernier plan, sont nets et en focus. Example: Citizen Kane - Deep Focus Analysis - Citizen Kane is one of the most famous examples of deep focus cinematography. Watch the scene starting around 0:40 where everything in the frame, from foreground to background, is sharp and in focus. 20. Shallow focal / Courte focale Only one plane (foreground, middle ground, or background) is in focus, while the rest is blurry. Seul un des plans (premier plan, milieu ou arrière-plan) est net, tandis que le reste est flou. Example: The Social Network - Shallow Focus Example - This scene from The Social Network demonstrates shallow focus. Notice how only the foreground is in focus, while the background is blurred, especially around 0:45. 21. Soft focus / Flou artistique Nothing in the frame is completely sharp, creating a soft and diffuse effect. Rien dans le cadre n'est complètement net, créant un effet doux et diffus. Example: Amélie - Soft Focus and Dreamy Aesthetics - Watch at 0:30 for a use of soft focus to create a dreamlike, romantic atmosphere. The scene becomes slightly blurry, with nothing in the frame completely sharp. 22. Focus pull / Rock focusing / Faire la mise au point A technique where focus is changed during a continuous scene to shift attention to a new element or character. Technique où l’on change la mise au point au cours d’une même scène continue, souvent pour attirer l’attention sur un nouvel élément ou personnage. Example: Pulp Fiction - Focus Pull (Rock Focus) Example - In this scene, starting around 0:35, the focus pulls between two characters to shift the audience’s attention from one to the other during their conversation. 23. Dual focus / Split diopter shot / Double focale / Demi-bonnette A special lens that allows focusing simultaneously on a foreground element and a background element, while the space between them remains blurry. Utilisation d'une lentille spéciale permettant de faire la mise au point simultanément sur un élément au premier plan et un autre à l’arrière-plan, tandis que l’espace entre les deux reste flou. Example: Jaws - Split Diopter Shot - This video shows how Jaws uses the split diopter technique at 0:25, with both the foreground (Brody) and background (swimmers) in focus, while the space between them remains blurry. 24. Aspect ratio / Rapport d'image Defines the proportions of the image. Example: 1.85:1 in action films like Jurassic Park. Définit les proportions de l'image. Exemple : 1.85:1 pour des films comme Jurassic Park. Example: *Aspect Ratios Explained in Film - This video breaks down the importance of aspect ratios in cinema. Around 1:30, it discusses examples like Jurassic Park's 1.85:1 aspect ratio, used for action films. Composition and Narrative Framing / Éléments de composition et cadre narratif 25. Composition / Composition How visual elements are organized in the frame, often compared to painting. ○ In the foreground: An element at the front of the image. ○ In the background: An element in the back of the image. La manière dont les éléments visuels sont organisés dans le cadre, souvent comparée à la peinture. ○ Au premier plan : Élément au premier plan. ○ À l'arrière-plan : Élément à l'arrière-plan. 26. Establishing shot / Plan d’ensemble A wide or aerial shot that sets up the context of a scene by establishing the geography, atmosphere, and relationships between characters and the environment. Often used at the beginning of a scene. Un plan large ou aérien qui introduit le contexte d’une scène, en établissant la géographie du lieu, l’atmosphère et les relations entre les personnages et l'environnement. Souvent utilisé en début de scène. Example: Inception - Establishing Shot - Watch the opening scene where a wide aerial shot is used to establish the geography of the city and ocean (around 0:15). It sets the context for the rest of the sequence. 27. Wide shot / Plan large A shot used to capture the entire scene or a large portion of it, without necessarily establishing narrative context like an establishing shot does. Plan utilisé pour capturer toute la scène ou une grande partie d'elle, sans nécessairement établir un contexte narratif aussi précis que le plan d’ensemble. Example: The Lord of the Rings - Wide Shot Example - The wide shot at 1:30 captures the entire environment, showing the Fellowship walking through the landscape. It allows the audience to see both the characters and the expansive setting. 28. Insert shot / Insert A shot showing a specific detail of a scene, often from the perspective of a character, suggesting what the character is looking at. Un plan qui montre un détail spécifique d'une scène, souvent du point de vue d’un personnage, suggérant ce qu’il regarde. Example: Indiana Jones - Insert Shot Example - In this scene (around 1:10), an insert shot focuses on Indiana Jones grabbing the golden idol, highlighting the importance of the object within the scene. Additional Notes / Notes complémentaires Two-shot / Plan à deux A shot that includes two characters within the same frame. Un plan où deux personnages sont dans le même cadre. Example: Pulp Fiction - Two-shot Example - In the diner scene, starting around 0:50, a two-shot is used to capture both characters, Jules and Vincent, in the same frame while they talk. Three-shot / Plan à trois A shot that includes three characters within the same frame. Un plan où trois personnages sont dans le même cadre. Example: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly - Three-shot Example - At around 0:30, this famous standoff scene shows all three main characters in a three-shot, framing them as they prepare to draw their guns. Four-shot / Plan à quatre A shot that includes four characters within the same frame. Un plan où quatre personnages sont dans le même cadre. Session 4: Image Formats and Aspect Ratios 1. Aspect Ratio Overview Definition: The aspect ratio is the proportional relationship between the width and height of the image. ○ Example: 16:9, 4:3 (four by three), etc. ○ Formula: N (width/height):1 → e.g., 1.78:1 2. Most Famous Aspect Ratios: 4:3 (1.33:1) - Fullscreen: ○ Commonly used in early films, often black-and-white. ○ Example: Classic films from the silent era and early sound films. 1.37:1 - Academy Ratio: ○ Standard for films made between the 1930s and 1950s. 2.35:1 - Cinemascope and Panavision: ○ Emphasizes width, used for epic widescreen films. ○ Comparison: Academy ratio vs. common widescreen vs. Cinemascope. 1.85:1 - Common Widescreen Ratio: ○ Emphasizes the height of characters within the frame.

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