Business English Vocabulary - Unit 1 & 2 PDF

**UNIT 1 -- Sectors of the economy** Allocate -- decide officially that a particular amount of money, time, etc. should be used for a particular purpose - **przydzielać** Asset -- something belonging to an individual or a business that has value or the power to earn money - **zasób** Break-even -...

**UNIT 1 -- Sectors of the economy** Allocate -- decide officially that a particular amount of money, time, etc. should be used for a particular purpose - **przydzielać** Asset -- something belonging to an individual or a business that has value or the power to earn money - **zasób** Break-even -- make neither a profit nor a loss - **próg rentowności** Bankruptcy -- **bankructwo** Free economy -- an economy in which companies are not controlled by the government but decide for themselves what to produce and sell, based on what they believe they can make profit from -- **wolna gospodarka** Industry -- the production of raw materials and of goods; the sector of business that is dedicated to producing smth -- **przemysł/ gałąź przemysłu** Labor -- all the people who work for a company or in a country - **praca** Mixed economy -- an economy in which some industries are controlled by the government and some by private companies -- **mieszana gospodarka** Means -- the money and resources that a person or organization has available - **środki** Resources -- smth such as money, property, skill, labour, etc. that a company has available - **zasoby** Controlled economy -- economy in which companies are controlled only by the government, has strict rules about setting up a business + government controls nearly everything connected with economy in a country -- **konrolowana gospodarka** Ownership -- the act, legal right or fact of possessing/owning something - **własność** Market forces - the economic factors affecting the price of, demand for, and availability of a [commodity] -- **siły rynkowe ( popyt i podaż)** Private sector -- the part of the national economy that is not under direct state control -- **prywatny sektor gospodarki** Public sector - the part of an economy that is controlled by the state -- **publiczny sektor gospodarki** State-owned companies - a business entity created or owned by a national or local government, either through an executive order or legislation -- **spółki państwowe** Raw materials - basic substances found in their natural, modified, or semi processed state, used as an input to a production process for subsequent modification or transformation into a finished good -- **surowe materiały / surowce** Renewable -- something that can be used more than once - **odnawialne** Owned by -- **należące do** Shareholders - a person who owns shares in a company and therefore gets part of the company\'s profits and the right to vote on how the company is controlled - **akcjonariusze** Consumer - a person who purchases goods and services for personal use -- **konsument/klient** Consumer discretionary - non-essential goods and services - **towar luksusowy** Utilities - a service that is used by the public, such as an electricity or gas supply -- **usługi komunalne/użyteczności publicznej** Essential goods - products or services that are considered necessary for an individual\'s or a society\'s basic well-being and survival. These goods are typically in high demand and have low price elasticity, meaning that changes in price have a relatively small impact on the quantity demanded -- **podstawowe dobra** Consumer durables - manufactured items, typically cars or household appliances, that are expected to have a relatively long useful life after purchase -- **artykuły trwałego użytku / produkty trwałe** Allocate resources -- the process of dividing money, skills, etc. between departments of an organization -- **rozdzielać zasoby** Profit - advantage; benefit - **zysk** Means of production - the generally necessary assets and resources that enable a society to engage in production -- **środki produkcji** Public order - means the situation that exists when people obey the laws, rules or authority -- **porządzek publiczny** Price cap - an upper limit set by a government on the price of something -- **próg cenowy** Prohibitive price -- price, at which there is no more demand for a good ; it is so high that many people cannot afford it -- **wygórowana cena/ cena zaporowa** Bad turkey -- **zła inwestycja** ( De) regulated -- control or maintain the rate or speed of (a machine or process) so that it operates properly; control (something, especially a business activity) by means of rules and regulations / the removal or reduction of government regulations in a specific industry -- **regulowany / zderegulowany rynek** Shortage -- a situation in which there is not enough of something - **niedobór** Surpass -- to do or be better or greater than something - **przewyższać** Extractive -- something that comes from processes that involve different activities that lead to the extraction of raw materials from the earth -- **wydobywczy / ekstrakcyjny** Perishable goods -- **łatwo psujące się produkty** **UNIT 2 -- Setting up a business** Articles of association -- one of the legal documents needed to set up a limited company, giving details about the structure and running of the company, e.g. powers of directors -- **umowa/statut spółki** Authorized -- given official permission for something to happen -- **autoryzowany, upoważniony, uprawniony** Certificate of incorporation -- a formal document showing that a company has been incorporated -- **akt założenia spółki** Entrepreneur -- someone who uses money/resources to set up a business and make business deals -- **przedsiębiorca** Establish -- set up,found -- **zakładać, tworzyć** Legal -- referring to law -- **prawnie legalne** Liability -- legal/financial responsibility for something -- **odpowiedzialność prawna** Memorandum of associaton -- one of the legal documents needed to set up a business and make business deals -- **dokument założycielski spółki** Partnership -- a business where two or more people share the risk and profits - **partnerstwo** Partnership agreement -- a document setting up partnership, giving the details of the business -- **umowa/ porozumienie partnerskie spółkib** Private limited company -- a company whose shares are not traded on the stock exchange - **prywatna spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością** Public limited company -- a company whose shares are traded on the stock exchange - **publiczna spółka akcyjna z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością** Stock exchange -- **giełda papierów wartościowych** Raise capital -- collect money for a particular purpose -- **gromadzić kapitał** Registered office -- the head office of the company as registered in the register of companies -- **oficjalna siedziba spółki** Registrar of Companies -- the appointed office in charge of all matters relating to company registration and subsequent company filling amendments -- **Urząd Rejestrowy Spółek** Register of Companies -- an official list of companies showing their directiors and registered offices -- **Rejestr Spółek** Solo trader -- a person who set up and runs a business by themselves - **przedsiębiorca indywidualny** Set up a business -- to start one\'s own business -- **założyć nową spółkę/ firmę na rynku** Financial standing - how strong a person\'s or company\'s financial situation is considered to be -- **sytuacja finansowa** Unemployment rate - the percentage of people in the labour force who are unemployed -- **stopa bezrobocia** Fired -- kicked out of work -- **wyrzucony z pracy** To make somebody redundant - dismissal from your job, caused by your employer needing to reduce the workforce -- **zwolnić kogoś z powodu restrukturyzacji firmy lub zwolnień grupowych** Redundance - a situation in which someone loses their job because their employer does not need them -- **nadmiar/ zbyteczność** Lay off -- discharge a worker temporarily or permanently because of economic conditions or shortage of work; give up doing something -- **zwolnienia grupowe** Redundancy money -- the financial compensation that employers offer employees when removing their positions from the organizational structure -- **odprawa pieniężna z firmy** Market niche -- a small area of trade within the economy, often involving specialized products; a very specific segment of consumers who share characteristics and, because of those characteristics, are likely to buy a particular product or service -- **nisza rynkowa/ niezagospodarowany sektor rynku** Market research -- the action or activity of gathering information about consumers\' needs and preferences -- **badania rynku** Tough/fierce -- strong; not easily broken or made weaker -- **twardy,silny,nieugięty** Market entry barriers -- the obstacles or hindrances that make it difficult for new companies to enter a given market -- **bariery wejścia na rynek** Starting capital -- an amount of money which is needed to start a particular type of business - **kapitał początkowy** Credit history -- a financial record of your credit activity -- **historia kredytowa** Instalments -- a sum of money due as one of several equal payments for something, spread over an agreed period of time - **raty** ROI -- Return on Investment -- **wskaźnik zwrotu z inwestycji** Prudent -- showing good judgment in avoiding risks and uncertainties; careful -- **przezorny,rozważny, rozsądny** Business angels -- a private individual, often with a high net-worth, and usually with business experience, who directly invests part of their assets in new and growing private businesses -- **aniołowie biznesu** Majority equity stake -- an ownership interest that is more than 50% of a company\'s total shares - **znaczący udział kapitałowy** Joint venture -- a business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task - **wspólne przedsięwzięcie/ kapitał wysokiego ryzyka** Turnover -- the total amount of sales you make over a set period - **obroty** USP -- **Unique Selling Proposition - Unikalna propozycja sprzedaży** UCA -- Undefinitized Contract Action ; a contract action which contains some aspect that is left open, to be determined prior to the start of contract performance - **niezdefiniowane działania kontraktowe** Relinquish -- to give up something such as a responsibility or claim -- **zrzec się prawa do czegoś** Loop hole -- an opportunity to legally avoid an unpleasant responsibility; an accidental technicality or unclear section of a written document that allows someone to avoid following a rule or fulfilling an obligation -- **luka prawna** Quoted/listed on a stock exchange -- to be noted on a stock exchange list - **notowany na giełdzie** Abbreviation -- a shortened form of word or phrase -- **skrót** Binding -- ( of an agreement or promise) involving an obligation that cannot be broken -- **zobowiązanie się** Fringe benefit -- additional benefit -- **dodatkowa korzyść** Tax payer -- someone who pays taxes - **podatnik** Dissolve -- close down or dismiss -- **rozwiązywać likwidować** General public -- all of the society -- **ogół społeczeństwa** Submit documents = present documents -- **składać dokumenty** Clash -- argument about something -- **starcie / konflikt** Impact = influence - **wpływ** Self-reliant = independent - **samodzielny** Set hours = fixed hours -- **ustalone godziny** Shared capital -- **kapitał akcyjny** Dissolve a company/company dissolution -- Relocate -- move something to another place -- **przenieść w inne miejsce** Franchising -- an agreement or license between two legally independent parties which gives: A person or group of people (the franchisee) the right to market a product or service using the trademark or trade name of another business (the franchisor) - **franczyza** Conglomerate -- a thing consisting of a number of different and distinct parts or items that are grouped together; a company that owns several smaller businesses - **konglomerat** Economies of scale -- a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production - **ekonomia skali**