Vitamins and Minerals PDF

\ VITAMINS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Formerly known as accessory food factor that was coined NON-B-COMPLEX Ascorbic Acid by Casimir Funk in 1912....

\ VITAMINS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Formerly known as accessory food factor that was coined NON-B-COMPLEX Ascorbic Acid by Casimir Funk in 1912. Energy Releasing: Came from two root words: o Thiamine o Vita – necessary or vital for life o Riboflavin o Amines – antibody factors containing nitrogen. o Niacin Vitamins are organic compounds occurring in natural o Biotin foods. o Pantothenic Acid o Organic compounds: most of them contain carbon, B-COMPLEX Hematopoietic: hydrogen, oxygen, and even nitrogen. o Folic Acid Must be obtained from dietary sources. o Vitamin B12 The human body can’t synthesize in enough amounts. Other: Essential micronutrients for proper functioning of the o Pyridoxine body. o Pyridoxal o Must be obtained and incorporated into food. o Pyridoxamine Needed in micro and milligram quantities. 1 Gram of Vitamin B is sufficient for 500,000 people. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAMINS Enough vitamins can be obtained from balanced diet. WATER SOLUBLE FAT SOLUBLE Supplemental vitamins may be needed after illness. VITAMINS VITAMINS Many enzymes contain vitamins as part of their structures Directly into the First enter into – conjugated enzymes. ABSORPTION blood the lymph system Serves as a cofactor and coenzymes. Travel without Many require o Can be found in different metabolic functions. TRANSPORT carriers protein carriers o Help in the process of metabolic function or Circulate in the Found in the cells pathways. STORAGE water-filled parts associated with o Do not directly cause the action or catalysis. of the body fat Synthetic and natural vitamins are the same. o 13 Known vitamins Kidneys remove Tend to remain in EXCRETION excess urine fat-storage sites 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF VITAMINS Not likely to reach Likely to reach WATER SOLUBLE FAT SOLUBLE toxic level when toxic level when Vitamin C Vitamin A TOXICITY consumed from consumed from Vitamin B Complex Vitamin D supplements supplements Vitamin E DOSAGE Needed in frequent Needed in Vitamin K FREQUENCY doses periodic doses RELATIONSHIP Function as Do not function TO coenzymes as coenzyme COENZYMES Water Soluble Vitamins are polar. Fat Soluble Vitamins are hydrophobic. o Since they store in the fat tissues, they need regulation, or they have a certain level of consumption. o Excess in Vitamins A, D, E, and K can be prone to toxicity, it is not excreted immediately in our body. o They are less prone to deficiency because they store in fat tissues. FAJARDO, KIRSTINE MAY N. │ BSMLS 2-Y1-10 1  VITAMINS AND MINERALS WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS Pellagra Preventive Factor VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) NAD/NADP involves in the It is the simplest structure among the 13 vitamins. oxidation reduction reaction in They exist in 2 active forms: which hydrogen atoms transferred o Oxidized form: Dehydroascorbic Acid NIACIN from one molecule to another. o Reduced Form: Ascorbic Acid (NICOTINIC Deficiency leads to pellagra. It is derived from glucose through the boronic acid ACID, o Pellagra is a disease that can pathway. NICOTINAMIDE, affect in our whole body. Functions that involve ascorbic acid: VITAMIN B3) o Has manifestations of inflamed o Cholesterol metabolism skin, and 3Ds (dermatitis, o Co-substrate in the formation of tissue collagen diarrhea, dementia). Main source of vitamin C: o 4Ds: if 3Ds cannot be o Vegetables prevented it can lead to death. o Fruits (citrus, oranges, etc.) Also known as: If there’s a deficiency of Vitamin C it is called Scurvy. o Amino Acid Metabolism o Spongy gums leading to bleeding of gums. Vitamins VITAMIN B6 Humans, monkeys, apes, and guinea pigs need dietary o Rat Anti-dermatitis Factor (PYRIDOXINE, vitamins. o Vitamin H PYRIDOXAL, Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein Serves as a pre-cursor of the PYRIDOXAMINE) collagen. coenzyme of several metabolic Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids. functions like glycogenolysis and 100 mg/day saturates all body tissues - Excess vitamins are amino acid metabolism. excreted. Folate is usually involved in our RDA (mg/day): hematopoiesis. o Great Britain: 30 Essential in the biosynthesis of o United States and Canada: 60 thymidine and purine which are o Germany: 75 amino acids. FOLATE Involved in DNA synthesis → RBC (FOLIC ACID, production. VITAMIN B9) Important in RBC production, DNA synthesis, and neural tube formation. Essential in prevention of birth VITAMIN B-COMPLEX defects like birth with no skull, no The preferred and alternative names for the B vitamins. brain, etc. Exhibit structural diversity. VITAMIN B12 Also known as anti-pernicious Major function: B Vitamins are components of coenzymes. (COBALAMIN) anemia. Came from two root words: For nerve impulse propagation. o Pantho – all Also known as: VITAMIN B5 o Thenic – strength o Anti-neuritic vitamins (PANTOTHENIC Almost all the plants and animals THIAMIN ACID) o Anti-beri beri contain Vitamin B5. (VITAMIN B1) Beri-beri is a disease that can affect Its main function is that they are a cardiovascular system or the CNS component of coenzyme A. (neurons). Anti-Egg White Injury Factor Yellow vitamin Its main function is for Came from the Latin word BIOTIN gluconeogenesis. (VITAMIN B7) o Glucose comes from the “flavin” meaning yellow. RIBOFLAVIN other substances other than It has a ribose component. (VITAMIN B2) carbohydrates. 2 main coenzyme forms: o Flavin Mononucleotide o Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide o If the amount we consume is not right, we can have a certain condition or disease. FAJARDO, KIRSTINE MAY N. │ BSMLS 2-Y1-10 2  VITAMINS AND MINERALS DEFICIENCIES IN VITAMIN B-COMPLEX Maintenance of the healthy of epithelial tissues via epithelial tissue differentiation. o Lack of vitamin A causes such surfaces to become drier and harder than normal. Reproduction and Growth: o In men, vitamin A participates in sperm development. o In women, normal fetal development during pregnancy requires vitamin A. Another form of Vitamin A is retinol or retinoids. o Gel that treats acne has retinoid or tretinoin – came from Vitamin A. o Use to treat acne but needs prescription. VITAMIN D Also known as cholecalciferol or sunshine vitamin. It is natural in our body, but we need sunlight to activate these vitamins. o Too much exposure of sun cannot lead to toxicity. o Overdose can happen in Vitamin D when intaking supplements. Two forms active in the body: o Vitamin D2 o Vitamin D3 Sunshine Vitamin: Synthesized by UV light from sun. It controls correct ratio of Ca and P for bone mineralization (hardening) As a hormone it promotes Ca and P absorption in intestine. Deficiency in this vitamin is rickets & osteomalacia. o Rickets – characterized by softening of bones in children because of poor mineralization of the bones. o Osteomalacia – a disorder of bone softening in adults because of demineralization. FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS VITAMIN E Involved in plasma membrane processes. Four forms of Vitamin Es: More hydrocarbons are like with fewer functional groups. o a-Vitamin E o b-Vitamin E VITAMIN A o g-Vitamin E Has role in vision: only 1/1000 of vitamin A is in retina. o d-Vitamin E 3 Forms of vitamin A are active in the body. Alpha-tocopherol is the most active biological active Derived from b-carotine. form of Vitamin E. o High in orange, carrots, etc. Peanut oils, green and leafy vegetables and whole grain products are the sources of vitamin E. FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN AC Primary function: Antioxidant which protects against Vision: In the eye, vitamin A combines with opsin protein oxidation of other compounds. to form the visual pigment rhodopsin which further Deficiency in Vitamin E can lead to heart diseases, defects converts light energy into nerve impulses that are sent to in cell membrane, and cataracts formation. the brain. Regulating Cell Differentiation: process in which VITAMIN K immature cells change to specialized cells with function. Also known as Coagulation Vitamin or anti-hemorrhagic o Examples: Differentiation of bone marrow cells white vitamin. blood cells and red blood cells Two major forms: K1 and K2 FAJARDO, KIRSTINE MAY N. │ BSMLS 2-Y1-10 3  VITAMINS AND MINERALS o K1 or phylloquinone found in dark green, leafy TYPES OF MINERALS vegetables. IRON o K2 or menaquinones is synthesized by bacteria that Production of hemoglobin in red blood grow in colon. FUNCTION cells to carry oxygen in the blood. Dietary need supply: ~1/2 synthesized by bacteria and Red meat, liver, eggs, bread, green 1/2 obtained from diet. SOURCES vegetables Active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting. DEFICIENCY Anemia MINERALS CALCIUM GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Teeth and bones Unlike vitamins which are organic substances, minerals Blood clotting are inorganic substances which are needed in small FUNCTIONS Nerve and muscle contraction amounts that must be obtained from food. Heart regulation o Organic Elements: C, H, O, N Dairy products, fortified white bread, o Vitamins can be found in our diet. green vegetables, nuts, and seeds. o Minerals occur naturally on earth and very consistent Vitamin D on heir physical properties. SOURCES o To absorb Calcium, we need this. Minerals can be divided into two groups: o 15 to 20 minutes per day to o Major/Macro Minerals - those needed in large activate the Vitamin D. quantities. Stunted growth can cause rickets and o Trace/Micro Minerals - those only required in tiny DEFICIENCY osteoporosis. amounts. PHOSPHORUS Bones and teeth are accompanied by FUNCTIONS calcium. Muscle contraction Dairy products, nuts, meat, fish, oats, SOURCES cocoa Rarely deficient but could cause DEFICIENCY tiredness and depression SODIUM Maintains water balance in the body and controls body temperature. FUNCTIONS Helps you sweat when your body temperature rises. SOURCES Cheese, smoked meats, fish, table salt MAJOR FUNCTIONS Body building – teeth and bones. Deficiency is highly unlikely. Control of body processes, especially the nervous Hyponatremia – low in sodium. DEFICIENCY system. Hypernatremia – common disease; Essential part of body fluids and cells. high sodium in the blood. Form part of enzymes and other proteins necessary for the release of energy. POTASSIUM Muscle contraction and in maintaining body fluid. It is necessary for the building of FUNCTIONS muscle and for normal body growth. o 40% of potassium is found in muscle tissues alone. FAJARDO, KIRSTINE MAY N. │ BSMLS 2-Y1-10 4  VITAMINS AND MINERALS Banana, celery, meat, fruits, milk, SOURCES grains, legumes, raisins, dates, figs Dry skin Acne DEFICIENCY Muscle spasms or weakness Hypokalemia – disorder; low potassium in blood. ZINC Aids the immune system. Cofactor in enzymes. FUNCTIONS Needed for the senses of smell and taste. Wound Healing SOURCES Meat esp. lamb meat, oats, eggs, nuts DEFICIENCY Retarded growth EXCESS Enlarged liver IODINE Thyroid gland function (controls how quickly the body uses energy) FUNCTIONS Body metabolism Constituent of our T3 and T4. SOURCES Milk, eggs, yogurt, seafood, iodized salt Goiter o Deficiency in iodine DISEASE o Thyroid gland grows larger than normal size. MAGNESIUM Muscle contraction DNA synthesis Controls blood sugar and blood pressure FUNCTIONS Cofactor of enzymes o All enzymes that use ATP in metabolic pathways or cycles need magnesium (requirement). SOURCES Cheeses, cocoa, chocolate, nuts, beans Hypomagnesemia – low level of DEFICIENCY magnesium in blood. FAJARDO, KIRSTINE MAY N. │ BSMLS 2-Y1-10 5