Nutrition and Energy for Life PDF

Chapter 22 Nutrition and Energy for Life Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in w...

Chapter 22 Nutrition and Energy for Life Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1  Learning Objectives (1 of 2) Describe the difference between macronutrients and micronutrients in terms of amounts required and their functions in the body Describe the primary functions in the body of each macronutrient Distinguish between and classify vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble on the basis of name and behavior in the body List the primary function in the body for each major mineral Describe the major steps in the flow of energy in the biosphere Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2  Learning Objectives (2 of 2) Differentiate among metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism Outline the three stages in the extraction of energy from food Explain how ATP plays a central role in the production and use of cellular energy Explain the role of coenzymes in the common catabolic pathway Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3  Nutrition and Energy Macronutrients: Substances that are needed by the body in relatively large amounts Include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Micronutrients: Substances that are needed by the body only in small amounts Some are utilized in enzymes Classified as either vitamins or minerals Other essential nutrients Water - Constitutes 45%–75% of the human body mass Fiber - Prevents or relieves constipation by absorbing water and softening the stool for easier elimination Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4  Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 1990 Brought changes to the regulations that define what is required on a food label Daily Values (DVs): Reference values developed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) specifically for use on food labels Reference Daily Intakes (RDIs): Standards for protein, vitamins, and minerals used on food labels Daily Reference Values (DRVs): Standards for nutrients and food components, such as fat and fiber, that have important relationships with health Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5  FDA and USDA The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Finalized the new Nutrition Facts label for packaged foods, which enables consumers to make better informed food choices Uses 2000 calories as a standard for energy intake in calculating DRVs 1 nutritional calorie is equivalent to 1 kcal of energy Reviews and revises the guidelines every five years The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Issued the MyPlate food guide to replace the MyPyramid posters with new recommendations Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 Figure 22.2 - An Example of a Food Label Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 Figure 22.3 - The Food Guide, MyPlate Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8  Carbohydrates Main dietary source of energy Provide useful materials for the synthesis of cell and tissue components Considered to be fattening Excess calories are the result of high-calorie foods eaten with the carbohydrates Example - Bread is eaten with butter, a high-energy lipid Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9  Classification of Dietary Carbohydrates Simple carbohydrates Include monosaccharides and disaccharides, commonly called sugars Complex carbohydrates Include the polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin, which are collectively called starch Cellulose serves a non nutritive role as fiber as it cannot be digested by humans Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10  Lipids About 95% of lipids in the body and in foods are triglycerides Concentrated sources of energy Provide more than twice the energy of an equal mass of carbohydrate Contain some fat-soluble vitamins and help carry them through the body Include essential fatty acids, which cannot be synthesized in the body and must come from the diet Include polyunsaturated linoleic and linolenic acids Improve the texture of foods and absorb and retain flavors Prolong satiety as they are digested more slowly than other foods Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 Figure 22.6 - Fatty Acid Composition of Common Food Fats Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12  Dietary Lipids and Health Research indicates a correlation between consumption of too much fat and the wrong type of fat and obesity and cardiovascular disease Moderate amount of fat is needed in a diet Many people consume more fat than required Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13  Proteins Only macronutrients with an established RDI Used in the body to aid in: Production of new tissue as the body grows Maintenance and repair of cells Production of enzymes, hormones, and other important nitrogen-containing compounds of the body Supply of energy (4 calories/gram) Broken down to individual amino acids that are absorbed into the body's amino acid pool Classified as complete proteins if they contain all the essential amino acids in the proportions needed by the body Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14  Table 22.1 - The RDI for Protein Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15 Table 22.2 - The Essential Amino Acids Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16 Figure 22.7 - Protein Content of Several Foods Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17  Figure 22.4 - Diet Comparison Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18  Vitamins Organic compounds that cannot be produced by the body in the amounts needed for good health Water-soluble vitamins Highly polar in nature Function as coenzymes, except vitamin C Excess is excreted through the kidneys Fat-soluble vitamins Have nonpolar molecular structures Function like hormones Excess accumulation in body tissues can lead to toxic effects Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19  Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2) Vitamin Dietary Sources Functions Deficiency Conditions Water-soluble B1 (thiamin) Bread, beans, nuts, milk, peas, pork, Coenzyme in Beriberi: nausea, severe rice bran decarboxylation exhaustion, paralysis reactions B2 (riboflavin) Milk, meat, eggs, dark green Forms the coenzymes FMN Dermatitis (skin problems) vegetables, bread, beans, peas and FAD, which are hydrogen transporters Niacin Meat, whole grains, Forms the coenzyme NAD+, Pellagra: weak muscles, poultry, fish which is a hydride transporter no appetite, diarrhea, dermatitis B6 (pyridoxine) Meat, whole grains, poultry, fish Coenzyme form carries Dermatitis, nervous disorders amino and carboxyl groups B12 (cobalamin) Meat, fish, eggs, milk Coenzyme in amino acid Rare except in vegetarians; Metabolism pernicious anemia Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20  Table 22.3 - Vitamin Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2) Folic acid Leafy green vegetables, peas, beans Coenzyme in methyl group transfers Anemia Pantothenic acid All plants and animals, nuts; whole- Part of coenzyme A, acyl group carrier Anemia grain cereals Biotin Found widely; egg yolk, liver, yeast, Coenzyme form used in fatty acid Dermatitis, muscle Weakness nuts synthesis C (ascorbic acid) Citrus fruits, tomatoes, green pepper, Synthesis of collagen for connective Scurvy: tender tissues; weak, bleeding strawberries, leafy green Vegetables tissue gums; swollen joints Fat-soluble A (retinol) Eggs, butter, cheese, dark green and Synthesis of visual Inflamed eye membranes, deep orange vegetables Pigments night blindness, scaliness of skin D (calciferol) Fish-liver oils, fortified milk Regulation of calcium and phosphorus Rickets (malformation of the bones) Metabolism E (tocopherol) Whole-grain cereals, margarine, Prevention of oxidation of vitamin A Breakage of red blood vegetable oil and fatty acids cells K Cabbage, potatoes, peas, leafy green Synthesis of blood-clotting substances Blood-clotting disorders vegetables Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21  Minerals Metals or nonmetals used in the body in the form of ions or compounds Major minerals: Found in the body in quantities greater than 5 g Examples Ca and P - Primary inorganic structural components of bones and teeth Na, K, Cl, and Mg - Ions distributed throughout the body’s fluids Trace minerals: Found in the body in quantities less than 5 g Examples - Fe, Mn, Cu, and I Components of vitamins, enzymes, hormones, or specialized proteins Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22 Figure 22.10 - Minerals in a 60-Kg Person Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23  Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (1 of 2) Mineral Dietary Sources Functions Deficiency Conditions Major minerals Calcium Dairy foods, dark green vegetables Bone and teeth formation, blood Stunted growth, rickets, weak clotting, nerve impulse transmission and brittle bones Chlorine Table salt, seafood, meat HCl in gastric juice, acid–base balance Muscle cramps, apathy, excessive bleeding, reduced appetite Magnesium Whole-grain cereals, meat, nuts, Activation of enzymes, protein Inhibited growth, weakness, spasms milk, legumes synthesis Phosphorus Milk, cheese, meat, fish, grains, Enzyme component, acid–base Weakness, calcium loss, weak bones legumes, nuts balance, bone and tooth formation Potassium Meat, milk, many fruits, cereals, Acid–base and water balance, nerve Muscle weakness, paralysis legumes function Sodium Most foods except fruit Acid–base and water balance, nerve Muscle cramps, apathy, reduced function appetite Sulfur Protein foods Component of proteins Deficiencies are very rare Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24  Table 22.4 - Major and Trace Mineral Sources, Functions, and Deficiency Conditions (2 of 2) Trace minerals Arsenica Many foods Growth and reproduction Poor growth and reproduction Cobalt Meat, liver, dairy foods Component of vitamin B12 Pernicious anemia (vitamindeficiency symptom) Copper Drinking water, liver, grains, legumes, nuts Component of numerous enzymes, Anemia, fragility of arteries, low appetite, and inhibited growth hemoglobin formation Chromium Fats, vegetable oils, grains, meat Enhances insulin action Reduced ability to metabolize glucose Fluorine Drinking water, seafood, onions, spinach Maintenance of bones and teeth Higher frequency of tooth decay Iodine Iodized salt, fish, dairy products Component of thyroid hormones Hypothyroidism, goiter Iron Liver, lean meat, whole grains, dark green vegetables Component of enzymes and hemoglobin Anemia Manganese Grains, beet greens, legumes, fruit Component of enzymes Deficiencies are rare Molybdenum Legumes, cereals, organ meats, dark green vegetables Component of enzymes Deficiencies are rare Nickel Many foods Needed for health of numerous tissues Organ damage, deficiencies are rare Selenium Grains, meat, poultry, milk Component of enzymes Deficiencies are rare Silicona Many foods Bone calcification Poor bone development, deficiencies are rare Tina Many foods Needed for growth Poor growth Vanadiuma Many foods Growth, bone development, reproduction Poor growth, bone development, and reproduction Zinc Milk, liver, shellfish, wheat bran Component of numerous enzymes Poor growth, lack of sexual maturation, loss of appetite, abnormal glucose tolerance a Need and deficiency symptoms determined for animals, probable in humans, but not yet recognized. Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25  Energy in the Biosphere (1 of 2) The sun is the ultimate source of energy used in all biological processes Enormous energy output results from the fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium atoms 4H  nuclear  fusion  He + energy Portion of the liberated energy reaches the Earth’s surface and is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments in the plants Photosynthesis converts CO2 and H2O into glucose, and then into starch, triglycerides, and other storage forms of energy 6CO 2  6H 2 O + energy  photosynthesis    C6 H12 O6  6O 2 glucose Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26  Energy in the Biosphere (2 of 2) Energy stored in plants is obtained by all animals directly or indirectly Cellular respiration Plants and animals combine energy-rich compounds with oxygen from the air to produce CO 2 and H2O and release energy Glucose and other + O 2  respiration    CO 2 + H 2 O + energy released storage forms of energy Portion of energy released is captured within cells in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Remainder of the energy is liberated as heat Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27 Figure 22.11 - Energy Flow in the Biosphere Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28  Carbon Cycle Respiration process is the reverse of the photosynthetic process Some of Earth’s carbon compounds are repeatedly recycled by living organisms Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29  Metabolism Sum of all reactions involved in maintaining a living cell Categories Catabolism: All reactions that lead to the breakdown of biomolecules Reactions release energy Anabolism: All reactions involved in the synthesis of biomolecules Reactions require energy Metabolic pathway: Sequence of reactions used to produce one product or accomplish one process Examples - Citric acid cycle and electron transport cha Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30  Catabolism of Food (1 of 2) Stage I - Large, complex molecules are digested into simpler ones via hydrolysis proteins  hydrolysis  amino acids disaccharides and polysaccharides  hydrolysis  monosaccharides fats and oils  hydrolysis  fatty acids + glycerol Stage II - Small molecules are broken down into simpler units, primarily the two- carbon acetyl portion of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31  Catabolism of Food (2 of 2) Stage III - Common catabolic pathway Reactions of the citric acid cycle plus those of the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation Purpose is to convert chemical energy in foods to ATP molecules Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32 Figure 22.13 - Three Stages in the Extraction of Energy from Food Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33  Structure of ATP Adenosine portion consists of a heterocyclic base, adenine, bonded to ribose Triphosphate portion is bonded to the ribose to give ATP ATP molecule has a charge of –4 At the cell pH of 7.4, all protons of the triphosphate group are ionized ATP is complexed with Mg2+ in a 1:1 ratio Net charge of complex is –2 Triphosphate end is essential in the transfer of biochemical energy Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34 Figure 22.16 - The Structure of ATP Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35  Hydrolysis of ATP in Water (1 of 2) Results in the transfer of a phosphoryl group (—PO32–) from ATP to water Products are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate, Pi Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36  Hydrolysis of ATP in Water (2 of 2) Accompanied by the release of free energy (ΔG), which is used in cellular processes that require input of energy ATP + H 2 O ADP + Pi + H + G    7.3 kcal/mol ΔG has a positive value when energy is absorbed and a negative value when energy is released Represented G when measured under standard conditions Represented by G when measured at body conditions ATP is a high-energy compound Liberates a great amount of free energy on hydrolysis Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37 Figure 22.17 - Schematic Representation of the Lowering of Energy Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38 Table 22.6 - Hydrolases of Some ATP-Related Compounds Reaction ΔG°9 (kcal/mol) ATP + H2O ⟶ ADP + Pi +H+ −7.3 ATP + H2O ⟶ AMP + PPi + 2H+ −10.9 PPi + H2O ⟶ 2Pi −4.6 ADP + H2O ⟶ AMP + Pi + H+ −7.3 Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39  The ATP–ADP Cycle Plays a central role in linking energy production with energy utilization Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40  Mitochondria Cellular organelles where reactions of the common catabolic pathway occur Known as cellular power stations Contain both inner and outer membranes Folds of the inner membrane are called cristae Gel-filled space that surrounds the cristae is called the matrix Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41  Coenzyme A (CoA) (1 of 2) Central compound in metabolism and is a part of acetyl CoA Derived from the B vitamin pantothenic acid (B5) Contains: Phosphate derivative of ADP b-mercaptoethylamine Reactive sulfhydryl group (—SH) Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42  Coenzyme A (CoA) (2 of 2) Transfers acyl groups Acyl groups are linked to CoA via the sulfur atom in a thioester bond Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43  Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) (1 of 3) Derivative of ADP and the vitamin nicotinamide Reactive site is located in the nicotinamide portion Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44  Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) (2 of 3) Acts as an electron acceptor Nicotinamide ring accepts two electrons and one proton during oxidation of a substrate, which forms the reduced coenzyme NADH Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45 Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+) (3 of 3) General reaction: Concise manner of representing the general reaction: Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46  Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) (1 of 2) Derived from ADP and the vitamin riboflavin Reactive site is located within the riboflavin ring system Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47  Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD) (2 of 2) Substrates of enzymes that use FAD as the coenzyme give up two electrons FAD accepts both the H atoms Involved in the reactions in which a —CH2—CH2— portion of the substrate is oxidized to a double bond Seager, Slabaugh, Hansen, General, Organic, and Biochemistry, Tenth Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48