Victimology PDF
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This document details the study of victims of crime, covering their experiences and psychological effects. It explores various theories including victim precipitation and lifestyle theory. Different models of victimization are discussed, and a typology of victims is provided. Finally social inequality, presence of risk factors, and psychological factors, and lacking social support are considered as potential causes of victimization.
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**VICTIMOLOGY** -the study of the victims of crime and the psychological effects on them of their experience. **VICTIM** -An individual who experience loss, injury, or hardship in any reason. **THEORIES OF VICTIMOLOGY:** VICTIM PRECIPITATION -People may actually initiate the confrontation that...
**VICTIMOLOGY** -the study of the victims of crime and the psychological effects on them of their experience. **VICTIM** -An individual who experience loss, injury, or hardship in any reason. **THEORIES OF VICTIMOLOGY:** VICTIM PRECIPITATION -People may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death. -The causes or reason why an individual became a victim are came from them also. **LIFESTYLE THEORY** -Crime is not a random occurrence but rather a function of the victim' s lifestyle. **DEVIANT PLACE THEORY** -The greater their exposure to dangerous places, the more likely people will become victims of crime and violence. **DYNAMICS OF VICTIMIZATION:** **VICTIMS OF CRIME MODEL:** **Stage of Impact&Disorganization** -stage during and immediately following the criminal event **Stage of Recoil** -stage during which the victim formulates psychological defenses and deals with conflicting emotions of guilt, anger, acceptance, and desire of revenge (said to last three to eight months). **Reorganization Stage** -stage during which the victim puts his or her life back to normal daily living. Some victims, however, may not successfully adopt the victimization experience and a maladaptive reorganization stage may last for many years. **VICTIMS OF DISASTER MODEL:** **Pre-impact** -stage describe the victim's condition prior to being victimized. **Impact** -the stage at which victimization occurs. **Post-impact** -stage which entails the degree and duration of personal and social disorganization following victimization. **Behavioral outcome** -stage that describes the victim's adjustment to the victimization experience. **TYPOLOGY OF VICTIMS:** General Types of Victims (Based on the classification of Hans Von Hentig, a European lawyer) 1\. **The Young**-- the weak by virtue of age and immaturity 2\. **The Female**-- often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males. 3\. **The Old**-- the incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme. 4\. **The Mentally Defective**-- those that are unable to think clearly. 5\. **The Immigrant**-- those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society. 6\. **The Minorities**-- racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of justice. **OTHER TYPES OF VICTIMS:** (Benjamin Mendelsohn, a European defense attorney, created his own classification of victim types.) This includes the following six categories: 1\. **The completely innocent victim**-- such a person is an ideal victim in popular perception. In this category placed persons victimized while they were unconscious, and the child victims. 2\. **Victims with only minor guilt and those victimized due to ignorance.** 3\. **The victim who is just as guilty as the offender, and the voluntary victim.** Suicide cases are common to this category. 4\. **The victim is more guilty than the offender**-- this category was described as containing persons who provoked the criminal or actively induced their own victimization. 5\. **The guiltiest victim "who is guilty alone"--** an attacker killed by a would-be victim in the act of defending themselves were placed into this category. 6\. **The imaginary victim**-- those suffering from mental disorders, or those victims due to extreme mental abnormalities. **CAUSES OF VICTIMIZATION** - **Social inequality** - **Presence of risk factors.** - **Psychological factors** - **Lack of social support**