Moral Development PDF

## UNIT II VALUE AND ETHICS ### MORAL DEVELOPMENT Moral development refers to the ways we distinguish right from wrong as we grow and mature. Very young children generally do not have the same level of moral development as adults. An example of moral development is how moral reasoning changes fr...

## UNIT II VALUE AND ETHICS ### MORAL DEVELOPMENT Moral development refers to the ways we distinguish right from wrong as we grow and mature. Very young children generally do not have the same level of moral development as adults. An example of moral development is how moral reasoning changes from late childhood to adolescence, becoming less focused on self and more focused on the opinions of others. ### What is the moral development in childhood? In summary, moral development in early childhood education means understanding and integrating key concepts of fairness, respect, empathy, and compassion. It's about enhancing a child's cognitive capacity to discern between right and wrong, and fostering an innate sense of responsibility and fairness. ### What are 5 examples of moral? Here are the ten essential moral values that build character and instil positive behavior in kids. - Respect - Honesty - Compassion - Hard Work - Kindness - Gratitude - Sharing - Cooperation ### Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development is an important topic which comes in the CTET exam. This theory examines the stages and progression of moral reasoning in individuals. Understanding this theory is crucial for prospective teachers to comprehend their students' moral growth and decision-making processes, enabling them to create a positive and ethical learning environment. CTET questions related to this topic may assess candidates' knowledge of the theory's key concepts, stages, and its application in promoting ethical behavior and addressing moral dilemmas in the classroom, ensuring that teachers are equipped to instill strong moral values in their future students. Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development was modified and expanded upon Jean Piaget's previous work to form a theory that explained how children develop moral reasoning. Piaget described a two-stage process of moral development. Kohlberg extended Piaget's theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. His theory outlines six stages of moral development within three different levels. **Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - Stages of Development** Kohlberg identified three phases or levels of moral reasoning: - Post-conventional, - Conventional, and - Pre-conventional. Each of the levels is linked with complex moral development stages. | Level | Stage | Social Orientation | |----------------|-------|---------------------------------------------------------| | Pre-conventional | 1 | Obedience and Punishment Orientation | | | 2 | Individualism, Instrumentalism and Exchange/Instrumental Orientation | | Conventional | 3 | Good boy/girl/ Nice Girl, Good Boy Orientation | | | 4 | Law and Order Orientation/ Authority and Social Order | | Post-conventional| 5 | Social Contract Orientation | | | 6 | Principled Conscience/ Universal-Ethical-Principal Orientation | **Level 1 – Pre-conventional** At the pre-conventional level, we don't have a personal code of morality. Instead, our moral code is shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules. | Level/Stage | Age Range | Description | |-------------|-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1 | Infancy | No difference between doing the right thing and avoiding punishment. Interest shifts to reward rather than punishment - effect is made to secure greatest benefit for oneself. | | 2 | Pre-school | Stage 1: Punishment- Obedience Orientation. This stage includes the use of punishment so that the person refrains from doing the action and continues to obey the rules. For example, we follow the law because we do not want to go to jail. Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation. In this stage, the person is said to judge the morality of an action based on how it satisfies the individual needs of the doer. For instance, a person steals money from another person because he needs that money to buy food for his hungry children. In Kohlberg's theory, the children tend to say that this action is morally right because of the serious need of the doer. | | | | | **Level 2: Conventional** At the conventional level, we begin to internalize the moral standards of valued adult role models. | Level/Stage | Age Range | Description | |-------------|-----------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 3 | School-age | The "good boy / girl level". Effort is made to secure approval and maintain friendly relation with others. | | 4 | School-age | Orientation towards fixed rules. The purpose of morality is to maintain the social order. Interpersonal accord is expanded to include the entire society. | Stage 3: Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation In this stage, a person judges an action based on the societal roles and social expectations before him. This is also known as the "interpersonal relationships" phase. For example, a child gives away her lunch to a street peasant because she thinks doing so means being nice. Stage 4: Law and Order Orientation/ Authority and Social Order This includes respecting the authorities and following the rules, as well as doing a person's duty. The society is the main consideration of a person at this stage. For instance, a policeman refuses the money offered to him under the table and arrests the offender because he believes this is his duty as an officer of peace and order. **Level 3 - Post-conventional** Individual judgment is based on self-chosen principles, and moral reasoning is based on individual rights and justice. According to Kohlberg, this level of moral reasoning is as far as most people get. | Level/Stage | Age Range | Description | |-------------|-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 5 | Teens | Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Morally right and legally right are not always the same. Utilitarian rules that make life better for everyone. | | 6 | Adulthood | Morality is based on principles that transcend mutual benefit. | **Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation** In this stage, the person is look at various opinions and values of different people before coming up with the decision on the morality of the action. **Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles Orientation** The final stage of moral reasoning, this orientation is when a person considers universally accepted ethical principles. The judgment may become innate and may even violate the laws and rules as the person becomes attached to his own principles of justice. **Heinz dilemma Experiment** A dilemma that Kohlberg used in his original research was the druggist's dilemma: Heinz's wife was dying from a particular type of cancer. The drug had been discovered by a local chemist, and the Heinz tried desperately to buy some, but the chemist was charging ten times the money it cost to make the drug, and this was much more than the Heinz could afford. Heinz could only raise half the money, even after help from family and friends. He explained to the chemist that his wife was dying and asked if he could have the drug cheaper or pay the rest of the money later. The chemist refused, saying that he had discovered the drug and was going to make money from it. The husband was desperate to save his wife, so later that night he broke into the chemist's and stole the drug. ### Criticism of Kohlberg's Moral Development theory: Kohlberg tried to enhance the views or theory of morality which was briefly described by the Piaget. Kohlberg took the help from the studies of dilemma and was also interested in how an individual justify his/her action if he/she was placed in similar moral dilemmas. Another criticism of Kohlberg's theory is that people frequently demonstrate significant inconsistency in their moral judgements. This often occurs in moral dilemmas involving drinking and driving or business situations where participants have been shown to reason at a lower developmental stage, typically using more self-interest driven reasoning (i.e., stage two) than authority and social order obedience driven reasoning (i.e., stage four). Critics argue that Kohlberg's theory cannot account for such inconsistencies. Kohlberg's stages are culturally biased that the highest stages in particular reflect a westernized ideal of justice based on individualistic thought. This is biased against those that live in non-Western societies that place less emphasis on individualism. ### MORAL BEHAVIOUR What is moral behaviour? Moral behavior refers to actions and decisions that are guided by an individual's character, and are consistent with their values and beliefs. What are the 4 types of behavior? The 4 Types of Behavior provide a framework for understanding human interaction through observable actions: - Physical Actions (What I Do) - Non-Verbal Cues (How I Do It) - Language (What I Say) - Vocal Delivery (How I Say It) ### Moral standards Moral standards include prohibitions against lying, stealing, and killing. Non-moral standards are social rules and etiquette that may change over time. An action is considered moral if it aligns with moral standards like consequences that benefit society, natural law, virtue, or duty. - What are the moral principles and standards? Moral principles are standards of right and wrong that a person or group has. They can be passed down to us by our family and peers, they can be dictated by society or religion, and they can certainly change throughout our lives, depending on our experiences - What are the 7 moral standards? The rules: help your family, help your group, return favours, be brave, defer to superiors, divide resources fairly, and respect others' property, were found in a survey of 60 cultures from all around the world. - What are the three types of morality? The field of ethics, or moral philosophy, investigates theories that can systematically describe what makes acts right or wrong. Moral philosophy is usually divided into three categories: metaethics, applied ethics, and normative ethics. - What are the five principles of ethics? The ethics-based theory argues that there are five basic ethical bases: (1) harm/care, (2) fairness/reciprocity, (3) ingroup/loyalty, (4) authority/respect, and (5) purity/sanctity. These five bases form the building blocks of morality, regardless of culture. What is a high ethical standard? It means doing the right thing for yourself and for as many people as possible. This is a matter of personal and professional character. Character relates to a set of ideas, including morality, ethics, honesty, and human values. It's knowing that the actions we take are right, i.e., acceptable. Why are morals important? Moral values are a collection of ideals that are necessary for every human being to have a sense of responsibility for their actions. These principles aid in a person's ability to discriminate between right and wrong. The development of moral character is an essential process that must begin in early childhood. What are the 10 rules of common morality? He provides us with the following list of 10 rules, which he believes all feature in our common morality as discrete rules and together, given appropriate interpretation, exhaust the moral territory of what is morally prohibited and required: - Do not kill; - Do not cause pain; - Do not disable; - Do not deprive of freedom;... What is the definition of morality? Morality is the human attempt to define what is right and wrong in thought and behavior, resulting in a system or set of ideas about good vs. bad action, and the basis of any individual or community belief in what constitutes good behavior or proper conduct. What are the characteristics of moral standards? The eight moral characteristics are diligence, frugality, honesty, discipline, politeness, cleanliness, unity, and generosity.