Vacuum System and Gyroscopic Instruments PDF

Vacuum System and Gyroscopic Instruments Miguel Barican Content 1. Vacuum System 2. Attitude Indicator a. Parts b. How it works c. Errors 3. Heading Indicator a. Parts b. How it works c. Errors 4. Turn and Slip Indicator/Turn Coordinator a. Types...

Vacuum System and Gyroscopic Instruments Miguel Barican Content 1. Vacuum System 2. Attitude Indicator a. Parts b. How it works c. Errors 3. Heading Indicator a. Parts b. How it works c. Errors 4. Turn and Slip Indicator/Turn Coordinator a. Types b. Parts c. How it Works Vacuum System Limitations: Attitude Indicator Gives out the PITCH and BANK information Horizontal Gyroscope with 2 gimbals Miniature airplane is fixed; the card is the one that moves Uses the Principle of Rigidity in space Attitude Indicator Attitude Indicator Errors 1. Preflight/Taxi - No more than 5 degrees of bank 2. Precession Error - Caused by friction in the bearings resulting to precession 3. Acceleration/Deceleration Error - Momentary pitching up/down 4. Bank Limitation - exceeding 100 - 110 degrees will result in a TUMBLE 5. Pitch Limitation - exceeding 60 - 70 degrees will result in a TUMBLE 6. Insufficient Suction - Vacuum system malfunction Pendulous vanes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MoS5Yw9ZgE Heading Indicator/Directional Gyro Vertical Gyroscope Rigidity in Space Align with the Magnetic Compass every 15-20 minutes Error: Precession ○ Slowly drifts away from the correct heading Heading Indicator/Directional Gyro Turn Indicators Turn and Slip Indicator Turn Coordinator Rate of Turn Rate of Turn Quality of Turn Rate of Roll Quality of Turn Turn Indicators Principle of Precession Electronically Driven Standard Rate of Turn: 3°/sec; 2 min/360° Rate of Turn Bank Angle for SRT: (TAS/10) + y = Bank Angle Y = (TAS/10)/2 Turn Indicators Canted at 30 degrees to give out rate of turn/roll Error: RED FLAG Inclinometer Quality of Turn Ball Position ○ Ball centered ○ SLIP Lower rate of turn for amount of bank ○ SKID Higher rate of turn for amount of bank Filled with Kerosine  Magnetic Compass Miguel Barican Magnetic Compass About the Magnetic Compass Principle of Magnetism How it works Parts of the Magnetic Compass Operating Principles Errors Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Instrument used to determine the AC’s orientation (heading) with relation to the earth’s magnetic north The compass aligns itself to the lines of the earth’s magnetic field Consists of a magnet that is free to rotate about a pivot point Reference Lines spaced every 5 degrees ○ Long :10 degrees ○ Short: 5 degrees Magnetic Compass How it works Compass card is inverted to correct for the pilot’s view Magnetic compass moves in the opposite direction of the turn Magnetic Compass Parts of the Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Errors Variation Deviation Magnetic Dip Oscillation Northerly Turning Error Acceleration/Deceleration