Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of gyroscope is used in the attitude indicator?
What type of gyroscope is used in the attitude indicator?
What causes precession error in the attitude indicator?
What causes precession error in the attitude indicator?
How often should the heading indicator be aligned with the magnetic compass?
How often should the heading indicator be aligned with the magnetic compass?
What will happen if bank angles exceed 100-110 degrees in the attitude indicator?
What will happen if bank angles exceed 100-110 degrees in the attitude indicator?
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Which indicator is electronically driven and indicates both rate of turn and quality of turn?
Which indicator is electronically driven and indicates both rate of turn and quality of turn?
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A ball positioned to the side in the inclinometer indicates what condition?
A ball positioned to the side in the inclinometer indicates what condition?
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What is the standard rate of turn for a turn indicator?
What is the standard rate of turn for a turn indicator?
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What is the effect of insufficient suction in a vacuum system?
What is the effect of insufficient suction in a vacuum system?
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An abnormal high engine oil temperature indication may be caused by what?
An abnormal high engine oil temperature indication may be caused by what?
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How should the pilot make a VOR receiver check when the aircraft is located on the designated checkpoint on the airport surface?
How should the pilot make a VOR receiver check when the aircraft is located on the designated checkpoint on the airport surface?
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Why is it necessary to increase back elevator pressure to maintain altitude during a turn?
Why is it necessary to increase back elevator pressure to maintain altitude during a turn?
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An airplane leaving ground effect will:
An airplane leaving ground effect will:
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While maintaining a constant heading, a relative bearing of 10 degrees doubles in 5 minutes. If the true airspeed is 105 knots, the time and distance to the station being used is approximately:
While maintaining a constant heading, a relative bearing of 10 degrees doubles in 5 minutes. If the true airspeed is 105 knots, the time and distance to the station being used is approximately:
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When should pilots decline a 'land and hold short' (LAHSO) clearance?
When should pilots decline a 'land and hold short' (LAHSO) clearance?
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SIGMETs are issued as a warning of weather conditions which are hazardous to:
SIGMETs are issued as a warning of weather conditions which are hazardous to:
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Given the following: Temperature 85°F, Pressure altitude 6,000 ft, Weight 2,800 lbs, Headwind 14 kts. Determine the approximate ground roll.
Given the following: Temperature 85°F, Pressure altitude 6,000 ft, Weight 2,800 lbs, Headwind 14 kts. Determine the approximate ground roll.
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The conditions necessary for the formation of stratiform clouds are a lifting action and:
The conditions necessary for the formation of stratiform clouds are a lifting action and:
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Which of the following is the final step of the DECIDE model for effective risk management and Aeronautical Decision Making?
Which of the following is the final step of the DECIDE model for effective risk management and Aeronautical Decision Making?
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When flying low over hilly terrain, ridges or mountain ranges, the greatest potential danger from turbulent air currents will usually be encountered on the:
When flying low over hilly terrain, ridges or mountain ranges, the greatest potential danger from turbulent air currents will usually be encountered on the:
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Study Notes
Vacuum System
- Limitations are not specified in the text.
Attitude Indicator
- Provides pitch and bank information.
- Utilizes a horizontal gyroscope with two gimbals.
- Miniature airplane is fixed, while the card moves to indicate aircraft attitude.
- Operates based on the principle of rigidity in space.
Attitude Indicator Errors
- Pre-flight/Taxi: Maximum allowable bank angle is 5 degrees.
- Precession Error: Caused by friction in bearings, resulting in a slow drift of the gyroscope.
- Acceleration/Deceleration Error: Momentary pitching up or down during acceleration or deceleration.
- Bank Limitation: exceeding 100-110 degrees will result in a tumble.
- Pitch Limitation: exceeding 60-70 degrees will result in a tumble.
- Insufficient Suction: Caused by vacuum system malfunction.
Heading Indicator/Directional Gyro
- Uses a vertical gyroscope.
- Operates based on the principle of rigidity in space.
- Must be aligned with the magnetic compass every 15 to 20 minutes.
- Precession Error: The primary error, causing a slow drift away from the correct heading.
Turn Indicators
-
Turn and Slip Indicator:
- Displays both rate of turn and quality of turn (slip/skid).
-
Turn Coordinator:
- Displays rate of turn and rate of roll.
- Canted at 30 degrees to indicate both parameters.
- Red Flag: Indicates a malfunction.
Turn Indicators
- Principle of Precession is utilized for operation.
- Electronically Driven:
- Standard Rate of Turn (SRT): 3 degrees per second; 2 minutes per 360 degrees of turn.
Rate of Turn
- Bank Angle for SRT: (TAS/10) + y = Bank Angle, where y = (TAS/10)/2.
Inclinometer - Quality of Turn
-
Ball Position:
- Centered: Indicates a coordinated turn.
- Slip: Ball is lower, indicating a lower rate of turn for the amount of bank.
- Skid: Ball is higher, indicating a higher rate of turn for the amount of bank.
Engine Oil Temperature
- An abnormal high engine oil temperature may be caused by the oil level being too low.
- Operating with an excessively rich mixture can also cause high engine oil temperatures.
- A defective bearing can lead to high engine oil temperatures.
VOR Receiver Check
- The VOR receiver check should be performed when the aircraft is located on the designated checkpoint on the airport surface.
- Set the OBS on the designated radial.
- The CDI must center within plus or minus 4 deg of that radial with a FROM indication.
Altitude Maintenance During Turns
- Pilots need to increase back elevator pressure to maintain altitude during a turn.
- This is to compensate for the loss of the horizontal component of lift and the increase in centrifugal force.
Ground Effect
- An airplane leaving ground effect will experience an increase in induced drag.
- This means the aircraft will require more thrust to maintain the same lift coefficient.
True Airspeed and Distance to Station
- A relative bearing that doubles within 5 minutes while maintaining a constant heading indicates a change in the aircraft's position relative to the station.
- The time and distance to the station cannot be accurately determined from the provided information alone.
Land and Hold Short (LAHSO) Clearances
- Pilots should decline a LAHSO clearance if it will compromise safety.
- This may include situations with runway surface contamination or when the tower controller does not concur with the clearance.
SIGMETs
- SIGMETs serve as a warning of hazardous weather conditions to all aircraft, not just heavy or light aircraft.
Ground Roll Calculation
- Factors determining ground roll include temperature, pressure altitude, weight, and headwind.
- The provided information (temperature, pressure altitude, weight, and headwind) is insufficient to determine the approximate ground roll.
Stratiform Cloud Formation
- Stratiform clouds form in stable, moist air.
- Lifting action is also necessary for their formation.
DECIDE Model
- The final step in the DECIDE model for effective risk management and Aeronautical Decision Making is Evaluate.
Turbulent Air Over Hilly Terrain
- The greatest danger from turbulent air currents when flying low over hilly terrain is usually encountered on the windward side of ridges or mountain ranges.
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Description
Test your knowledge on aviation instrumentation, focusing on the function and limitations of attitude indicators, vacuum systems, and heading indicators. This quiz covers key concepts such as errors associated with these instruments and their operational principles.
