EAPP.pdf

Module 5 Outlining - is a method that allows a writer to visualize the content of his paper, like an idea map. Writing key words or ideas that are to be found in each paragraph, guides the writer on what he is to write. Let us say, you are wri...

Module 5 Outlining - is a method that allows a writer to visualize the content of his paper, like an idea map. Writing key words or ideas that are to be found in each paragraph, guides the writer on what he is to write. Let us say, you are writing an essay in science, specifically lasers in medicine: Thesis statement: Lasers in medicine have so much improved the way of life of people I. Origins and uses II. Definition and explanation III. Medical uses of lasers In this example, the writer now has a clear idea of how his paper is going to be written. First, he establishes his thesis statement. Second, to be able to develop his paper, he divides his ideas by writing about the history of lasers, and assigned roman numeral I for this point. The body discusses the definition of lasers and the benefits of lasers as applied in medicine. Writing your ideas this way, organizes your train of thought well, thus creating a well-written and understandable essay. There are also two ways in writing an outline: The first one is a topic outline which is a brief outline of ideas using keywords. Under the heading are several words served as sub topics that will be discussed in the paper. Look at this example: I. Micro- Business Today A. Unemployment B. Definition of Micro Business C. Benefits of Micro Business II. Prospects in Micro Business A. Industry B. Agribusiness C. Services III. Procedures in opening a Micro Business A. Finances B. Business permits C. Location Another is the sentence outline. The topic for each paragraph is written in sentence form instead of key words. Study this example: I. Micro business is becoming a popular livelihood among Filipinos A. Engaging in micro business helps solve unemployment in the country. B. Micro business is an industry that works on small scale. C. Micro business offers many benefits such as flexibility, uniqueness expertise, etc. II. Micro business offers many opportunities for livelihood. A. Industries like food and restaurant, general retail, health fitness are good for micro business B. In agribusiness, there are organic crop farming, vegetable cultivation and ecotourism business to name some. C. For service industry, there are landscaping and horticulture, hotels and other places of lodging, dry cleaning, hair cutting, etc. Module 6 Critical approaches, sometimes called lenses, are different perspectives we can consider when looking at literary pieces. Imagine wearing sunglasses. When you wear sunglasses on a bright sunny day, the things you see seem less bright in shades of blue, red, green, or even yellow. It is also like applying filters on social media applications like Instagram or Tiktok. The same goes in using critical approaches in reading literature. You will be able to see a literary piece in different ways by using these lenses and will also be able to come up with varied interpretations. Understanding critical perspectives will help you see and appreciate a literary work in multiple meanings. These approaches reveal how or why a particular work is constructed and what its social and cultural implications are. These approaches can also be used in examining not only literary pieces but also artworks, events and programs. There are numerous critical approaches, and the numbers keep adding up as critics find new ways to look at human experiences. Here are the most common: 1. Formalist Approach (Formalism) Formalist criticism is a way in which the reader can approach, analyze and understand using the inherent features of a text. It is done by being completely objective in analysis while ignoring external factors and focusing only on the literature itself. Formalism disregards the environment, era and author to focus only on the work itself, because it sees the literary work as an object in its own right. Remember when you were in elementary or junior high school, when your class discussed reading selections and your teacher would ask you questions like, “Who are the characters?” “Why did the character do this?" What were the consequences/effects of the character’s actions?” “What does the story teach us?” or “What does the third line of poem mean?” That is a common example of the formalist approach happening in everyday life because we try to get the meaning of the text purely on the text itself, and not based on our experiences, nor the author’s, nor the time and situation when the text was written. 2. Biographical Approach Contrary to formalist criticism, biographical criticism uses details about an author’s personal life to analyze the author’s work. It relies on autobiographies, correspondence and other primary materials about the author. The goal of this approach is understanding why the author wrote what he/she wrote. In art, an artwork often examined using the biographical approach is Vincent van Gogh’s famous painting, Starry Night. In 1889, Vincent van Gogh painted Starry Night during his stay at the asylum of Saint-Paul De-Mausole near SaintRémy-de-Provence in France. At that time, his art style shifted from his previous bright and joyful paintings to dark and gloomy sceneries, as shown in Starry Night. Critics say this shift occurred while he was battling paranoia, depression and suicidal thoughts. 3. Historical Approach Historical criticism, also known as New Historicism, investigates the social, cultural, and intellectual context that produced a work. While this may include the author's biography, it focuses more on how time and place of creation affect meaning in the work. For example, by reading Jose Rizal’s novels such as Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, we may understand the lifestyle, culture and events during the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, that are exhibited in the work. Moreover, we may also understand that Rizal wrote those novels to reveal the abuses of the Spanish regime and to illustrate the hardships of the Filipino masses, all of which happened at that time. 4. Psychological/Psychoanalytical Approach Psychological criticism examines works through theories of psychology. It looks either at the psychological motivations of the characters or of the authors themselves. In other words, it looks into the minds of the characters or the author to understand what the work means. Psychological criticism applies Freudian psychology to works, but other approaches also exist. According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the psyche (mind) is structured into three parts: the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives. The id is the impulsive (and 9 unconscious) part of our psyche which responds directly and immediately to basic urges, needs, and desires. On the other hand, the ego works out realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, while considering social realities and norms, etiquette and rules in deciding how to behave. Lastly, the superego's function is to control the id's impulses, especially those which society forbids, and also has the function of persuading the ego to turn to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones and to strive for perfection. Understanding these three structures may help us understand the characters’ motivations, as well as the author’s and the society’s as reflected in the work. 5. Reader-Response Approach Reader-response criticism argues that the meaning of a text is dependent upon the reader’s response to it. It focuses on the act of reading and how it affects the readers’ perceptions of a text. To put it simply, it suggests that meaning is not created by the text nor the author. Meaning is created by the reader. Have you ever experienced liking a song so much because you can really relate to the lyrics, but someone did not like it as much as you did? It may be because your experiences made you relate to the song in a different way than the others. This may mean that you created your own meaning, as suggested by the reader-response theory. 6. Marxist Approach Marxist criticism grew out of the writings of Karl Marx, who was highly critical of the capitalist system of economics and politics. Marx wrote “The Communist Manifesto”. Marxism is concerned about the ways in which governments and businesses that control the means of production (factories, etc.) exert control over the working classes. To put it simply, it is concerned with issues of class conflict, wealth, work, and the various ideologies that surround these things. “Upuan,” a song written by popular Filipino rapper Gloc-9, is a good material for Marxist criticism. With lines that go, “Kayo po na naka-upo,/ Subukan niyo namang tumayo / At baka matanaw, at baka matanaw ninyo / Ang tunay na kalagayan ko”, it narrates how the ruling class seems numb to the needs of the lower class. 7. Feminist Approach Feminist criticism reveals the ways in which literature portrays the economic, political, social, and psychological oppression of women. This looks at how aspects of our culture are patriarchal (male dominated) and aims to expose misogyny (female prejudice) in writing about women, which can take explicit and implicit forms. Some literary pieces portray women as housekeepers, and although it might seem normal to us, feminists argue that it has been normalized because opportunities have always been reserved for men since the beginning of time. For example, at the time of the Spanish occupation in the Philippines, women were not expected to go to colleges, because after finishing basic education, the society back then only required women to marry and build a family. Since women were not able to finish higher education, then they would not really have opportunities for high-paying jobs, but rather stick to being housewives. Feminist critics point out instances like this in all cultures throughout history as oppression of women, as normalized by patriarchal societies.  Module 8 A concept paper is a brief summary of a research project written by a university student who is about to conduct a certain research. Concept papers are summaries of projects or issues that reflect the interests, experience and expertise of the writer or organization. A concept paper is a short summary that tells the reader what the project is, why it is important, and how it will be carried out. WAYS A WRITER CAN ELUCIDATE ON A CONCEPT 1. Concept by definition Definition is a mode of paragraph development that answers the questions: What is it? What does it mean? What are its special features? The word to be defined may be an object, a concept, a person, a place or a phenomenon. Definition is important because it clarifies the meaning of a word or a concept and it also limits the scope of the particular word or concept. Limiting the scopes controls and avoids misinterpretations, vague notions, broad ideas. Techniques of Defining Formal Definition- You define the term by giving the class where the word/ term belongs (the genus) and the characteristics that distinguish the term from the other terms, known as differentia. Example: Term = genus +differentia Definition = a mode of paragraph development +that answers the questions: What is it? What does it mean? What are its special features? Extended Definition – It is needed to define abstract concepts. It allows you to broaden your definition by using analogy, metaphors, comparison and contrast, descriptions, analysis, functions, etymology and semantic origin. When you write an extended definition, you literally grab at any of the writing resources or tools that will help you explain the term to your readers. This means considering all of the various sources of information that can help define the term adequately. Example: Friendship - is a state of acquaintance between or among people characterized by a strong bond of shared concern and caring. In true friendship the bond is mutually shared. 2. Concept by Explication Here are some guidelines to help you go about writing your concept analyses: *Introduce the concept 1. Look for definitions or clues to a good definition: What is it? What do you think it is? How has the concept changed over time? 2. Determine defining criteria for the concept (I’ll know it when I see it because…) - Use narratives. - Use descriptions. - Show the concept in action: Give real life examples in society of the concept. - Discuss causes and potential outcomes for the concept. - Are there tools available for measuring the concept as you have defined it? - Gather judgments or understandings of the concept from professionals or ordinary people. 3. Move from the specific to the general. Explain the significance of the concept in the lives of ordinary people. Methods of Development Defining – an extended definition; especially helpful if the concept you are explaining involves difficult or unfamiliar (to your reader) vocabulary. Classifying/Dividing – a description of how your concept fits into a particular category or how it can be broken down into parts that can be described more easily; this is useful in showing your reader how your concept fits into a “big picture” and how it can be divided. Comparing/Contrasting – examples of how your concept is similar or different from other concepts/ideas with which the reader may be familiar. Narrating a Process – a step-by-step explanation of how a process works or how a concept is used in practice. Illustrating – the use of examples, anecdotes, and other details that may help your reader to better understand your concept. Reporting Causes or Effects – a description of how a particular event leads to another and how concepts are related to each other. 3. Concept by Clarification Clarification creates multiple meanings through: (1) formulating purposes, (2) choosing, examining, and integrating data sources, and (3) representing a final conceptualization that can also be examined for adequacy.