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Ege 312: Living in the IT Era Overview of Living in the IT Era because there have always been ways to communicate through the available What is an Information? technology of the era....

Ege 312: Living in the IT Era Overview of Living in the IT Era because there have always been ways to communicate through the available What is an Information? technology of the era. - refers data that has been processed, organized, The revolution of information or structured in a way that adds meaning or technology (IT) spans several centuries, context, making it useful for decision-making, marked by key innovations that have communication, or understanding. transformed how humans create, store, What is a Technology? process, and communicate information. - application of scientific knowledge, tools, techniques, and processes to solve problems, Writing Systems in Early Beginnings create products, or provide services. (3000 B.C. – 1400 A.D.) - not limited to physical devices; it also includes systems, methods, and organizational practices The first major leap in information designed to improve efficiency and productivity. technology came with the invention of writing systems like cuneiform in What is an Information Technology? Mesopotamia and hieroglyphs in Egypt. - refers to the use of computers, This allowed for the recording of telecommunications, and other technologies to knowledge, laws, and trade, marking a store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data or significant shift from oral traditions to information. written records. - a broad field that includes everything from Materials like clay tablets and papyrus basic data processing to complex network were used to store this information. systems and software development. Cuneiform Lesson 1: The Evolution and History of Information Technology: Past, Present, Future Cuneiform is a writing system that originated with the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. It stands out as one of the most important cultural contributions of the Sumerians, particularly from the city of Uruk. Around 3200 BCE, Uruk played a crucial role in advancing cuneiform writing, which paved the way for the development of literature. Information technology has existed for a very long time. Essentially, as long as humans have been around, information technology has also been present  Hieroglyphs Usage declined with the rise of the Aramaic language and alphabet in the Developed in Egypt around 5,000 years 6th century BCE. ago. Second oldest writing system, emerging a few centuries after cuneiform, which Papyrus the Sumerians created. Although it was once thought that the Papyrus scrolls of ancient Egypt are Egyptians borrowed the idea from the considered the direct ancestors of Sumerians, hieroglyphics is now modern books. believed to have developed Made from the Papyrus plant found in independently. The exact origins remain the Nile valley. Strips of papyrus pith uncertain. were layered and pasted together to Uses pictorial symbols to represent form cream-colored sheets. Sheets were whole words, syllables, or phonemes rolled into long scrolls. Scribes copied (basic units of sound). text on one side and rolled the scroll The Ancient Egyptians referred it as “the with the text inside. gods’ words,” which the Greeks Papyrus influenced writing styles, similar translated as “sacred carvings,” leading to clay tablets. Written with reed pens or to the term “hieroglyphics.” brushes and colored inks. Originally specific to Ancient Egyptian The Egyptians created two cursive monuments, the term "hieroglyphics" is hands, Hieratic: A cursive script used by now also used more broadly to describe priests. Demotic: A simplified version of other pictographic scripts, such as those hieratic, used for everyday purposes. of the Hittites, Minoans, and Maya. Papyrus is more fragile than clay tablets, but many examples have been well- preserved due to Egypt’s dry climate and Clay Tablets preservation techniques. Entombed papyrus scrolls included Ancient Sumerians, Akkadians, and mortuary texts, scientific documents, Babylonians used clay tablets for writing. and mythology. It is commonly thin, four-sided tiles about five inches long. Inscribed with a stylus while the clay was Abacus and Early Calculating Devices (2400 wet, using cuneiform character then B.C.) dried or baked, making them nearly indestructible and well-preserved over thousands of years. The abacus was one of the earliest Almost 500,000 clay tablets have been information processing tools, used for discovered intact by modern basic calculations and essential for archaeologists. commerce and trade. It consists of a Associated with cuneiform writing, frame with rods or wires strung with named from the Latin word "cuneus," beads or counters. The beads or meaning "wedge," due to the stylus counters are moved along the rods to impressions. represent different values. Counting Boards: Simple flat surfaces used for performing arithmetic  calculations by placing counters or are formed from multiple quires pebbles in specific arrangements. It (groupings of typically 4, 8, or 16 leaves), functioned similarly to an abacus, bound together side-by-side. However, helping in counting and arithmetic P46 is formed by simply taking a stack of operations. papyrus sheets and folding them all in Tally Sticks: Sticks or pieces of wood half. This method produces a codex in with notches carved into them. Used for which the first leaf is physically joined to recording quantities and transactions, the last, with the remaining leaves with each notch representing a unit of sandwiched between. measure. This method was particularly useful for keeping track of livestock and P46, one of the earliest forms of the New trade goods. Testament, written on a papyrus codex. Neolithic Stone Tools: Early stone During the early development of the artifacts that may have been used for New Testament canon, various Christian simple counting and record-keeping. writings, like this codex containing the Some stone tools, like those with Epistles of Paul, were copied and notched or marked surfaces, are compiled. It wasn't until the 4th century, thought to have been used for basic with Emperor Constantine's acceptance calculations and tallying. of Christianity, that the New Testament was formalized into a single volume. Over time, papyrus was replaced by parchment, then paper, as manuscripts became more decorative and eventually transitioned to printed books. A timeline shows the evolution of the Bible's form, particularly the New Testament, over two millennia. The Codex and Early Libraries (1st Century A.D.) A codex is essentially an ancient book, consisting of one or more quires of sheets of papyrus or parchment folded together to form a group of leaves, or pages. This form of the book was not widely used in the ancient world until around the second century AD, when it slowly but steadily began to replace the traditional book form, the papyrus roll. P46 is an example of a relatively old and rare form of codex, the single-quire codex. Most codices, like modern books,  P46 originally consisted of 104 leaves, Early Libraries (1st Century A.D.) with 86 surviving today, making it a remarkably well-preserved codex compared to other New Testament Libraries in Rome (Italy) papyri, which often exist in fragmentary Library of Asinius Pollio: One of the first states. public libraries in Rome, established in While individual pages are relatively the late 1st century B.C., but remained well-preserved, typically 3 to 4 lines are important into the 1st century A.D. It lost at the bottom of each page. The top contained both Greek and Latin books. and side margins are intact, but the Libraries of Augustus: Augustus, the first unbound corners show the most Roman Emperor, founded several public damage. libraries, including the Palatine and The Michigan portion of P46 is stored Octavian libraries, housing works of separately between glass sheets to literature and scholarly research. protect it and allow easy viewing Library of Trajan: Emperor Trajan built a without causing damage. This glass- library in the 1st century A.D. as part of mounting method preserves the fragile his forum. It had separate sections for artifact for handling. Greek and Latin texts. P46 is not typically on public display but Library of Pergamum (Asia Minor) exhibits featuring this manuscript run -Though founded in the 3rd century B.C., annually at the University of Michigan, the Library of Pergamum was still while parts of the manuscript are on significant into the 1st century A.D. It display at the Chester Beatty Library. was said to be second only to the Library The Michigan portion of P46 has been of Alexandria and was a major center for digitally scanned and made freely scholarship. available online through the Advanced Private Libraries Papyrological Information System -Wealthy individuals in Rome and other (APIS), allowing public access to this parts of the Empire often maintained valuable manuscript. private libraries, collecting works of philosophy, history, and literature. The Library of Alexandria (Egypt), founded in the 4th century B.C., flourished for six centuries and was a Printing Revolution (1400 – 1800) major cultural and intellectual hub of the Hellenistic world. It reportedly held half a million papyrus scrolls, including works Gutenberg’s Printing Press (1440) by Plato, Aristotle, Homer, and other notable figures. Invented by German goldsmith Johann Gutenberg in 1448, one of the most important inventions in the history of humankind. The device made it possible for the common man, woman, and child to have access to books. It made the mass production of books possible, spreading knowledge and literacy across Europe.  Before the printing press, books were In 1556, the Venetian government hand-copied or produced using block published Notizie scritte ("Written printing, where each page was carved notices"), a monthly newsletter, which into a block of wood, making books was an early form of newspaper, but not expensive and only affordable for the for the general public. rich. Early publications like relations (England Gutenberg, cast 290 letter and symbol and France) and relaciones (Spain) blocks using metals like lead, antimony, appeared in the 15th and 16th centuries, and tin and created linseed- and soot- often printed in broadsheet format and based ink for printing on handmade featuring woodcut illustrations. paper. He adapted a wine press to print paper efficiently, testing his invention by printing a Latin book on speech-making News was often read aloud due to low in 1450. literacy rates. Gutenberg Bibles, the first books printed By 1600, the idea of using the printing in Europe and the first bibles printed in press for news spread in Germany, with history. Only 200 copies of the Bible precursors like Messrelationen (trade were made, featuring illustrations and fair reports) starting in the 1580s. vibrant colors, with only 22 original The first true newspaper was Relation copies known to exist today. aller Fuernemmen und Gutenberg's innovation included gedenckwürdigen Historien, launched in creating blocks to imitate calligraphy, Strasbourg in 1605. preserving the richness of the original By 1650, 30 German cities had active manuscripts. gazettes, and the first English-language weekly magazine, "A current of General News", was published in 1622. Antwerp became a major news hub in 17th-century Europe, linking countries like France, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Governments in France and England began printing official newsletters after 1600. Newspapers and Mass Media (1600s): The rise of newspapers in the 17th century allowed for the regular distribution of news and ideas to the public. This was one of the first forms of mass media, providing timely information to a growing readership. Word of mouth was the primary source of news before the invention of the printing press, with merchants, sailors, and travelers spreading information. The Scientific Revolution and Encyclopedias Typewriters and Early Machines (1800s): (1700s) Typewriters made it easier to produce written documents quickly and accurately, while mechanical devices like punch card machines The creation of encyclopedias, like were used for early data processing in industries Diderot’s Encyclopedia, helped organize like textiles and government. knowledge systematically, laying the groundwork for future reference works and the scientific method. Diderot’s Encyclopedia was the most popular and influential encyclopedia of the 18th century. Its impact extended far beyond France, influencing intellectual movements across Europe and serving as a symbol of Enlightenment thinking. Early Computing (1900 – 1950) Denis Diderot (born October 5, 1713, Langres, France—died July 31, 1784, Paris) was a French man of letters and Analog Computers and Calculators philosopher who, from 1745 to 1772, (1900s): served as chief editor of the Encyclopedia, one of the principal works Early analog computers like ENIAC (Electronic of the Age of Enlightenment. Numerical Integrator and Computer) and mechanical calculators were developed, capable of performing complex calculations quickly. This marked the beginning of modern computing. The Telegraph and Telephone Era (1800 – 1900) World War II and Cryptography (1940s): During World War II, computers like Colossus Telegraph (1830s): were used for breaking codes and processing The invention of the telegraph by Samuel Morse encrypted information, highlighting the strategic enabled near-instantaneous long-distance value of IT in warfare and intelligence. communication. This was a major milestone in IT, shrinking the world by enabling real-time Stored-Program Concept (1940s): communication across continents. The concept of the stored-program computer, developed by John von Neumann, laid the foundation for modern computers by enabling Telephone (1876): programs and data to be stored in memory and executed as needed. Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone further advanced real-time communication by allowing people to talk directly with each other over long distances. Definition: ENIAC was the first programmable Cost and Completion: general-purpose electronic digital computer and the most powerful Completed in February 1946 at a cost calculating device at its time. of $400,000. Its first task was to perform calculations Features: for the construction of a hydrogen bomb, after the war it was designed to It had conditional branching, allowing it help win had ended. to execute different instructions based on data values (e.g., IF X>5 THEN GO TO LINE 23). Although built for a specific purpose, it Colossus had the flexibility to solve a wider range the world's first electronic computer, had a of problems. single purpose: to help decipher the Lorenz- Physical Characteristics: encrypted (Tunny) messages between Hitler and his generals during World War II. Size: Occupied a 50-by-30-foot (15-by-9- meter) basement space. First large-scale electronic computer. Structure: Comprised 40 Became operational in 1944 at Bletchley panels arranged in a U-shape; each Park, Britain's code-breaking headquarters. panel measured approximately 2 feet by 2 feet by 8 feet (0.6 m x 0.6 m x 2.4 m). During World War II, the British intercepted two types of encrypted German military Complexity: transmissions: Contained over 17,000 vacuum Enigma: Broadcast in Morse code. tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacito rs, 6,000 switches, and 1,500 relays. Fish: Based on electric teleprinter technology, It was the most complex electronic started in 1941. system of its time, generating 174 Tunny Cipher kilowatts of heat, necessitating an air conditioning system. The most significant source of Fish messages was the Tunny, a German cipher machine. Performance: Tunny sent messages using binary code— Capable of executing up to 5,000 packets of zeroes and ones. additions per second, significantly faster than its electromechanical predecessors. The Tunny machine worked with a Classified as a first-generation teleprinter to encrypt German messages computer, due to its use of vacuum typed at the keyboard. tubes, while still incorporating The teleprinter converted each mechanical relays. character into 5-bit teleprinter code (e.g., A = 11000, B = 10011). The Tunny machine mixed the teleprinter-coded letters with other  letters, creating seemingly random Early Computing (1900 – 1950): stored-program jumbles. computer In January 1942, codebreaker William Tutte identified systematic patterns in Stored-program computer - a type of the messages. computer architecture that allows instructions and data to be stored in the He deduced that masking letters, known computer's memory. This concept is as the “key,” were generated by 12 fundamental to modern computing and wheels inside the Tunny machine. distinguishes it from earlier computing The blending process produced a devices. consistent scrambled pattern, enabling It was first conceptualized in 1947 by the encryption of the original message. John von Neumann and is also known as a "Neumann computer. Decryption Process: The key letters used for encryption were essential for decrypting the messages. Mathematician Alan Turing developed a method for hand-breaking Tunny messages, which was the primary technique for months. However, hand-breaking became too slow due to the increasing volume of encrypted messages and German security enhancements. Need for Machines: It is also known as an ISA (Instruction set The demand for high-speed analytic architecture) computer and has three basic machines led to the development units: of Colossus I, built at the Post Office Research Station in Dollis Hill. Colossus I was delivered to Bletchley The Central Processing Unit (CPU) - an Park in January 1944, marking a electric circuit used for executing the significant moment in computing instruction of computer program. It has history. the following components namely: Subsequent models, Mark II Colossi, were produced rapidly at the Post Office a.) Control Unit(CU) - handles all factory in Birmingham. processor control signals. It directs all input and output flow, fetches code for instructions and controls how data moves around the system. b) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) - part of the CPU that handles all the calculations the CPU may need, e.g., Addition, Subtraction, and comparisons. It performs Logical Operations, Bit  Shifting Operations, and Arithmetic Berners-Lee in 1989 made the Internet more operations. accessible by enabling easy navigation through websites. c.) Registers – Registers refer to high-speed storage areas in the CPU. The Email, instant messaging, and early web data processed by the CPU are fetched browsers (e.g., Mosaic, Netscape) transformed from the registers. communication and information sharing. 2. The Main Memory Unit - holds instructions and data when a program is Key Takeaways executing. The digital revolution definition refers to the advancement of technology from 3. The Input/Output Device -Program or analog devices to the digital data is read into main memory from the technologies available today. input device or secondary storage under It started during the 1980s and is the control of CPU input instruction. ongoing, introducing us to the Internet, Output devices are used to output streaming, smartphones, digital information from a computer. ecosystems, and more. The digital revolution has transformed the way we live, work and communicate. Digital Revolution (1950 – 2000) Notable positive impacts include access to vast knowledge, instant global communications, convenience, Mainframe Computers and Data innovation, and social empowerment. Processing (1950s-1960s): Key applications shaping the digital revolution today include 5G networks, Large mainframe computers like IBM’s AI, blockchain technology, IoT, and System/360 were used by governments, others. businesses, and research institutions to process vast amounts of data, marking the beginning of large-scale data management. The Positive Impact of the Digital Revolution Microprocessors and Personal Computers (1970s): Access to information: Vast knowledge is readily available online. The development of the microprocessor in the Connectivity: Global communications 1970s enabled the creation of personal are instant, from anywhere. computers (PCs), such as the Apple II (1977) and Convenience: Digital tools and services IBM PC (1981). This brought computing into simplify daily tasks. homes and small businesses, democratizing Economic growth: The digital economy access to technology. spurred new industries and jobs. The Internet and World Wide Web Education: Online learning and digital (1990s): resources make education more accessible. The Internet, which began as a military and Social empowerment: Digital platforms academic network (ARPANET), expanded in the amplify voices and facilitate social 1990s to become a global network. The movements invention of the World Wide Web by Tim Negative Consequences of Digital Revolution 4. Big Data, AI, and Machine Learning (2010s- Present): Cybersecurity: Growing risks of hacking and cyberattacks. The rise of big data and artificial Digital divide: Unequal access to intelligence (AI) enabled machines to analyze technology and the Internet. massive datasets, offering new insights and Environmental impact: Electronic waste automating processes in industries like (e-waste) and energy consumption. healthcare, finance, and marketing. Information overload: Difficulty Technologies like machine learning and natural managing vast amounts of data. language processing are used in everything from Job displacement: Automation leading recommendation engines to autonomous to loss of traditional jobs. vehicles. Privacy concerns: Increased data 5. 5G and IoT (2020s): collection and surveillance. 5G networks are enabling faster, more reliable internet connections, powering the expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT). This Mobile and Networked World (2000 – Present) allows everyday devices—like appliances, cars, and wearables—to be connected and share information, facilitating smart cities and 1. Mobile Revolution (2000s): automation. The rise of mobile phones, and later 6. Quantum Computing (Future): smartphones like the iPhone (2007), allowed people to access information and communicate Quantum computing is emerging as the on the go. This mobility revolutionized the way next frontier in IT. Once fully developed, it information was consumed, making it always promises to revolutionize data processing by accessible. exponentially increasing computational power, which could have far-reaching impacts on fields 2. Social Media (2000s-2010s): like cryptography, drug discovery, and artificial intelligence. Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram transformed how people share and interact with information. Social media has become a dominant force in the dissemination of news, Mobile Revolution (2000 – Present) ideas, and personal communication. 3. Cloud Computing (2010s): These days, mobile phones do so much more Cloud technology enabled the storage and than simply keep us connected. We can now processing of massive amounts of data online, carry out everyday tasks with ease, such as: making information accessible anywhere with an Internet Banking: Manage finances internet connection. Companies like Amazon directly from the phone. Web Services (AWS) and Google Cloud facilitated Payment Solutions: Pay for goods and this shift, which revolutionized business services conveniently. operations, software development, and personal Customer Connectivity: Stay in touch data management. with customers easily. Social Media Sharing: Share pictures and stories effortlessly.  Internet Browsing: Access information Motorola MicroTAC 9800x from anywhere. Launch Year: 1989. Navigation: Find specific locations with ease. Design: Remote Work: Facilitate working outside of traditional office settings. First phone with a flip-open design to prevent accidental button presses. Dimensions: About 22 cm in length when flipped open. Mobile Revolution (2000 – Present): Mobile phone evolution in the 1980s: Weight: Less than half of its predecessor, the DynaTAC 8000x. Features: Mobile phone development began in the late 1960s and continued through the Stored 30 numbers. 1970s. Standby Time: 30 hours. Early mobile phones were too heavy and Cost: Priced at £2,170 (equivalent were primarily used in cars, requiring the to £3,774 in 2018). engine to be running. Motorola DynaTAC 8000x: Created by Martin Cooper in April 1973. Launch in the year of 1984; marked the beginning of truly portable mobile phones. Specifications: Weight: Nearly 1 kg. Mobile Revolution (2000 – Present): Dimensions: 30 cm in length and 9 cm in Mobile phone evolution in the 1990s: thickness. Nokia's Entry into Mobile Phones Performance: Nokia 1011: Talk Time: 30 minutes. Launch Year: 1993; Standby Time: 8 hours. first GSM phone using digital networks. Cost: Priced at £2,480 (equivalent to Enabled SMS text messaging. £5,573 today). Features: Dual line display. Stored 99 contacts. Cost: Priced at £1,049 (equivalent to £2,181.66 today). Notable Nokia Models Mobile Revolution (2000 – Present): Mobile Nokia 8110: phone evolution in the 2000s: Launch Year: 1996; known for its slide- down front case and appearance in The Shift in Market Dynamics Matrix. Weight: Only 145g. Nokia's Decline (Dominance Dimensions: Just under 6 inches long. began to slip in the early 2000s.) Emergence of Competitors: Sony Ericsson, LG, and Samsung became major players in the mobile phone market. Popular Features Flip Phones: Common designs, such as the Samsung SGH-T100 with a dual-screen for notifications. Popular Nokia Models (1998-2000) Color Screens: Models Introduced: Introduction of color screens and built-in cameras. 5110 3210 WAP-Enabled Phones: 3310 (one of the most iconic mobile Allowed access to a limited phones). version of the internet. Features: Customizable appearances. Ringtones. Games like Snake. Cultural Impact: Mobile phones became fashion accessories, particularly among teenagers, with features such as: Unique ringtones. Custom casings. High scores on games as a measure of Marketing Tactics: Celebrity Endorsements: popularity. Vodafone promoted “Vodafone Live!” with celebrities like David Beckham and Robbie Williams. Cultural Issues: The rise of "happy slapping," a disturbing trend publicized by the media. Innovations in Mobile Technology In summary, the revolution of information technology began with the development of Nokia N-Gage: writing and numerical systems, gradually Released in 2003; a hybrid of a evolving through the ages with major inventions handheld gaming console and a like the printing press, telegraph, telephone, and phone. early computers. It has accelerated in the past MP3 Player Functionality: century with the rise of digital technology, the Phone manufacturers began Internet, and AI, transforming nearly every integrating MP3 aspect of human life and continuing to drive player capabilities into new progress today. models. Motorola Razr: Released in 2004; highly popular and stylish flip phone. Sold over 135 million units. Mobile Revolution (2000 – Present): Mobile phone evolution in the 2010: