Communication Theory PDF

How people use messages --> generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media Communication How people perceive and use messages to make common meaning Meaning can change according to contexts, culture and channel used...

How people use messages --> generate meaning within and across various contexts, cultures, channels and media Communication How people perceive and use messages to make common meaning Meaning can change according to contexts, culture and channel used response: how we know messages was understood as intended Devils: details --> misuderstood due to breakdown in transactional model of communication Barnlund: communication: not a reaction to sth or interaction, but a transaction in which man invents and attributes meaning to realize his purpose Encoding: First individual (sender) puts thoughts into words, symbols or gestures Decoding receiving the words, symbols or gestures, the second induvidual applies meaning to them --> encoding and decoding occure simultaneously, meaning on both sender side and receiver side --> more complicated can be view as the transfer of symbolic information within a common symbol system symbol must be understood in slang language or texting language: mean different things to different people Communication the same way benefited from psychology and neurology but extensively from artificial intelligence and information technology -thoughts individual responds Covert -motives through both cognitive response -values Individual responds to stimuli (convert) and behavioral -outlook Indiviual is (overt) processess Overt behaviors (either positive or exposed to and responses negative) observes stimuli -Personality stimuli come to individual -motivation and they select what to Individual selects stimuli Internal factors -interest used based on internal -habit and external factors -past experiences  -age and sex -Size -Intensity -contrast External factors -motion -repetition -novelity -familarity sorts and categories Perceptual grouping, closure, information in search of a figure ground, proximity, individual organizes stimuli factors pattern, based on what similarity, perceptual constancy, they have selected perceptual contexts decides what the meaning confirmation bias, self-serving of the stimulus, often bias, framing, attribution, halo Individual attaches meaning using heuristics or "short Distoritions effect, projection, stereotyping cuts" that may distort the and framing meaning of mood influence our ability to use to sense to take information how we process information and -not only a message is received heuristics -but also wheter someone chooses to act on that messages internal attitudes perception motives experiences influence by expectations characteristic of the objects (motion, sounds, size,..) context of the situation (time, place, ambient conditions) Attribution determine what brought an event or behavior posits that when an individual Attribution was what i just saw intentional? observes an event or a behavior, theory is it caused by sth internal/external to the individual the thought process goes:  Distinctiveness Does this person behave in this manner in other situations Mental consensus (sự nhất trí) Do other people behave in the same manner calculations consistency (tính nhất quán does this person behave in the same manner at other time interpretation what we see based on own own interest, Selective perception background, experience and attitudes general empression about s.one or sth based on a single Halo effect characteristic The comparative evaluation of a person, object or Constrast effect characteristic as better/ worse than our own Logical rules or Projection attribution of own characteristics to others heuristics (8) Representativeness recognition based on similarity to a class prototype Form of representatives based on our perception of the Stereotyping group to which we believe someone belonged the use of only readily available information to make a Availability decision quatitative situation: start with "ballpark" figure and adjust Anchoring and adjustment up or down to reach an estimate Positive self Unreal optimism opinion in risk Optimism bias  If you are already engaged in an issue --> pay more attention to new information about it Elaboration likelihood model (ELM) stimuli are needed to grab our without engament attention Simple brief The most successful communication: clear lines of cause and effect grab attention advantages of decision rules and heuristics use what we know about -To engage people thinking about their health strategic communication in -To inform them about healthy choices its various forms -To persuade them to adopt safe + healthy behavior Practitioners of health The study and use of inform and influence indivudual an communication decision that enhances communication communication strategies health study of messages --> created meaning in relation to physical, mental and health communication social well-being Society --> Community --> Group --> Individual Effective health communication --> raise individual's awareness of health Individual risks and solutions --> motivation and skills --> create or strengthen positive Level of health attitude comunication function: Group  effective health communication--> influence policy makers and public Community opinion --> positive change in physical environment --> increase the availability health choice + improve the delivery of healthcase services help create new norms for behavior and standards for quality that affect Society population Ecological model physical condition + behavior--> affect the health , social welface + physical environment Intervention on multiple levels --> more effective than focus solely on one level how information is processed challenges to effective limited access to relevant health information (elderly, immigrants, low socioeconomic status,..) health communication different cultures and beliefs system multitudes of information source, traditional media, internet and social media risk perception --> when we are trying to gain attention for prevention messages critical bearing on when we are dealing with presentation of risk health communication Risk comparison used --> evaluate the value of different procedures or treatment in healthcare for --> explain the likelihood of contracting chronic illness --> estimated the dangers of patients environmental contaminats causality does A thing cause B (disease) Most health risk if you exposed to A, what is your likelihood discussion concerns Risk of contracting disease B ex: substance (benzen) source of potential damage Hazard: energy (electricity) or harm or adverse outcome process or condition the chance or probability that a person will be harmed or experienced an Risk adverse outcome if exposed to the hazards Exposure contact with a hazard toxicity the intrinsic ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects contronllable by the controlled by others individual not to be feared to be feared Underistimate (apathy, characteristic of the risk characteristic of the risk fatalism, optimism blas) overestimated (emotion, fear, perception) known unknown (7) managed in a resposible way managed in an irresponsible way natural industrial voluntary involuntary