UTS Reviewer PDF

CHAPTER version of self, the individual could understand who he is if he aware of at present, but can be...

CHAPTER version of self, the individual could understand who he is if he aware of at present, but can be brought to consciousness. ONE: THE has clearly defined his relationship c. unconscious mind – beyond our with God. awareness like our dreams, urges, SELF FROM hopes, and mannerisms. VARIOUS RENE DECARTES: 1596-1650 3 DISTINCT SYSTEM OF HUMAN PSYCHE (personality) Cogito Ergo Sum: PERSPECTI I THINK, THEREFORE, I AM. 1. Id (It) – pleasure principle VES The essence of a self as a “thinking 2. Ego (I) – reality principle thing” is self-awareness and self- 3. Super-ego (above I) – moral consciousness which makes the principle individual unique. WHAT IS SELF? GILBERT RYLE:1900-1976 JOHN LOCKE: 1632-1704 The self is the foundation of We have our mental selves. Self human behavior. It is the totality of Self is identical to consciousness should be observable behavior. our identity as a unique individual. and unconsciousness. Self depends Experiencing individual who could on the consciousness of the person. describe the sensations and Socrates: Know Thy Self workings of his mind and body. The connection between memory The Socratic Method and consciousness gave birth to MAURICE MERLEAU- It is a form of cooperative the “memory theory of personal PONTY:1908-1961 argumentative dialogue between identity”. The body cannot be known individuals, based on asking and DAVID HUME: 1711-1776 objectively because “I live in my answering questions to stimulate body”. The lived body is a unified critical thinking and to draw out Self does not exist – The No–Self experience of mind, body, and ideas and underlying Theory. There is no impression of soul, and should not be separately presuppositions. An unexamined a self, and if there is one, it is described. life is not worth living because frequently changing. knowing oneself is true wisdom. PAUL M. CHURCHLAND IMMANUEL KANT: 1724-1804 Plato: Self-knowledge He believes that minds are 2 KINDS OF CONSCIOUNESS identical to a particular brain state. Plato's concept of “who am I” is a OF SELF The identity theory or reductive self-knowledge that is synonymous 1. Empirical Self- consciousness of materialism is used to describe the with self-control. oneself and one's psychological mind-body correlation wherein the For Plato, the human person is state in an inner sense mental states of the body are the composed of a body (material and same as brain states. destructible part) and a soul 2. Transcendental Apperception – (immaterial and indestructible consciousness of oneself and one's states via performing acts of CHAPTER 2: part). For Plato, the soul is the self. RATIONAL SOUL - cognition apperception. SOCIOLOGY SIGMUND FREUND: 1856-1939 SPIRITUAL SOUL - emotions Sociology: A Social Science Our self is composed of the mind Discipline APPETITIVE SOUL - physical with 3 levels: wants/needs Sociology examines society, its a. conscious mind - things that we structure, development, ST. Augustine: (354-430 CE) are aware of interactions, relationships, Self-development is united with b. preconscious mind – thoughts collective behavior, and culture. spiritual development. In his and feelings that we might not be  It explores how society Social construction shapes self- seeks to understand the broad influences individuals and how identity by influencing how aspects of human beings through a individuals, in turn, affect society. individuals perceive and interact holistic approach. This discipline with the world. examines the evolutionary history of humans, their physical and The Self in Modern Society biological development, and the Modernity and the Self cultural customs that make them The concept of the self has unique from other species. evolved due to rapid advancements Modern society is characterized in science and technology. by a constant evolution in self- II. Understanding the Self in identity, influenced by individual Anthropology The concept of Globalization has profoundly "self" is deeply intertwined with choices and broader societal impacted individual knowledge, culture. The self is not just an changes. behavior, and identity. isolated entity but is shaped by the The self is shaped by conscious culture in which it exists. People decisions and unconscious Theory of Structuration interact with and influence each imitations of societal norms. other within their cultural settings, Giddens' theory of structuration which play a significant role in posits that human actions and defining their identities. The self social structures are may be influenced by various Power and Rationality interdependent. factors such as gender, age, Technological advancements ethnicity, religion, and social have made knowledge more status, all of which are shaped by accessible, enabling individuals to Reflexive Process of Self-Identity cultural experiences. influence others. The reflexive process of self- III. Key Anthropological Power is not just about control identity involves individuals Theories on the Self 1. Franz but also about self-discipline. reflecting on their experiences and Boas: The Role of Culture in Self- interactions to shape their sense of Formation Key Concept: Culture is This influence extends to various essential in understanding the self. self. aspects of life, including It shapes a person's thoughts, education, healthcare, and actions, and feelings. Example: governance. Consider a person from a rural Modern Self and Lifestyle Reflexive Modernization Choice village in the Philippines and another from a metropolitan city. Modernity challenges traditional Alfred Adler's lifestyle choices Although both may share the same structures and values, leading to are central to self-identity in post- ethnicity, their cultural experiences shifts in identity and social traditional societies. will shape their thoughts and dynamics. behaviors differently. The rural Society must reassess and adapt CHAPTER 3: person may value community and tradition, while the urban person ANTHROPO to new realities using science and may prioritize individual technology to optimize social achievement and innovation. LOGY structures. 2. Marcel Mauss: The Evolving Self Key Concept: The concept of Social Construction self evolves and varies across I. Introduction to Anthropology cultures. Example: In ancient Social construction involves the societies, the self might have been Anthropology is the scientific meanings and values individuals defined by one’s role in the study of humans, focusing on their ascribe to themselves and their community, such as a warrior or origins, development, and cultural surroundings. farmer. In contemporary society, practices. It is known as the "science of humanity" because it the self is often defined by personal achievements and individual rights, reflecting the and symbols, they share a evolution of cultural values. universal structure of communal celebration and thanksgiving. 3. Edward Sapir: Language and Self-Perception Key Concept: IV. Self, Person, and Personhood Language influences how Anthropology differentiates individuals perceive themselves between the concepts of self, and their environment. Example: person, and personhood: Self: The In the Philippines, regional dialects unique individual identity shaped such as Tagalog, Cebuano, and by cultural and social influences. Ilocano have different Person: A cognitive component connotations for similar words. A that includes thoughts, behaviors, word that is considered respectful and emotions, shaped by society. in one dialect might have a less Personhood: The status of being formal connotation in another, recognized as a fully functioning influencing how individuals member of society, achieved express and perceive respect through fulfilling cultural and within their cultural context. social norms. 4. Margaret Mead: Culture and V. Situational Examples Gender Roles Key Concept: Egocentric vs. Sociocentric Self Culture shapes gender roles more Egocentric Example: A young than biology. Example: In some professional in Manila may Filipino communities, the husband prioritize personal career growth may be the primary decision- and self-expression, reflecting an maker, while in others, the wife egocentric view of the self. holds this role. These roles are not Sociocentric Example: A member biologically determined but are of a rural farming community may influenced by cultural norms and define themselves primarily practices. through their role in the family or community, reflecting a socio- 5. Clifford Geertz: Symbolic centric view. Impact of Social Anthropology Key Concept: Class on Self-Perception Example: Cultural symbols have deep A student from an affluent meanings that guide behavior and background may view themselves give life meaning. Example: In as independent and self-reliant, many Filipino communities, the while a student from a less "Bayanihan" spirit (community privileged background may see cooperation) is symbolized by the themselves as interdependent, image of villagers carrying a house relying on community support and together. This symbol reflects the cooperation. cultural value of helping others and working together. VI. Conclusion Understanding the self in contemporary 6. Claude Lévi-Strauss: anthropology involves recognizing Structuralism in Culture Key the complex interplay between Concept: There are universal culture, language, social structures, structures in human behavior and and individual experiences. By culture. Example: The practice of examining these factors, we gain a celebrating festivals is common deeper insight into what makes us across different Filipino cultures, human and how our identities are such as the Ati-Atihan in Aklan shaped by the world around us. and Sinulog in Cebu. While the festivals may have different origins CHAPTER 4: people we interact with. PSYCHOLOG 5. Spiritual Self Involves your inner thoughts, Y beliefs, and values. It consists of your purpose, Exploring the Psychological morals, and sense of meaning in Perspective of the Self life. 1. Psychodynamic Theory 6. Self-Concept Rooted in the idea that Emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives, often self-concept, which is your rooted in childhood image of who you are. experiences, influence behavior The gap between your real self and feelings. and ideal self can influence Introduced by Sigmund Freud, your self-esteem and overall it suggests that conflicts well-being. between the id, ego, and superego, which represent 7. Multiple vs. Unified Self different aspects of our The concept of a unified self personality, influence our refers to the consistency and behavior and emotions. stability of who we are. The multiple self 2. The "I" and "Me" Self acknowledges that we often Divided into two parts: the play different roles in different self that experiences and knows, contexts. and the self that is perceived. The "I" Self is the subjective 8. True vs. False Self part of you that is aware of your The true self is your genuine, thoughts and actions. authentic self—your real The "Me" Self is how you feelings, desires, and thoughts. view yourself, your personal The false self is a protective experiences, and your attributes. layer created to fit into societal expectations or to protect 3. Material Self yourself from harm. Comprises of the physical The balance between your true things that represent who you and false self is essential for are, such as your body, long-term happiness and self- possessions, and other tangible fulfillment. items. The phrase "You are what you have" can be particularly relevant in this context. 4. Social Self The social self is how you interact with others and how you believe others perceive you. William James suggested that we have multiple social selves, each tailored to the different