UTS-NEW-MODULE-2 PDF

INSTITUTIONAL PRAYER Almighty God, creator and giver of life We give you thanks and vow to seek your light Through the knowledge that we gain and impart with our University Grant us forgiveness for the sin we confess And give us strength to discern what is best For ourselves, and more so, for the b...

INSTITUTIONAL PRAYER Almighty God, creator and giver of life We give you thanks and vow to seek your light Through the knowledge that we gain and impart with our University Grant us forgiveness for the sin we confess And give us strength to discern what is best For ourselves, and more so, for the benefit of others Tech us to have grateful hearts and enlightened minds As we learn and share our talents to the community For the greater good and a brighter future Of the City of Manila and our country All these for your greater glory, Amen… In this lesson, Learning the students must : Outcomes: In this lesson, the students must be able to: 1. Articulate what culture means to the self as a part of the society. 2. Analyze the anthropological and sociological constructs of the self. 3. Attribute self-understanding and behavior to cultural factors. 4. Recognize and appreciate differences in cultural behaviors of the self, particularly from the Western and Asian contexts. 5. Explain how the modern world has changed our view of the self. The sociological perspective on the self emphasizes the idea that our sense of self is not innate but rather a product of social interactions and experiences. This means that we develop our sense of who we are through our relationships with others, the roles we play in society, and the expectations placed upon us by our social groups. What is Sociology? Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social behavior. It's not just about observing people; it's about understanding the patterns, structures, and processes that shape our interactions, beliefs, and actions. Sociology helps us see the world from a broader perspective, recognizing how our individual experiences are influenced by larger social forces. HOW CULTURE AFFECTS THE SELF Edward Taylor, founder of cultural anthropology, classically defined culture as the complex whole which includes, knowledge, beliefs, customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by a human as a member of society. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE OFCOMPONENTS OF CULTURE CULTU ENCOMPONENTCOMPONENTSC OF CULTUS OF CULTURES OF CULTURE MATERIAL CULTURE: Consists of human technology- all the things that people make and use. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE: Inclusive of the intangible human creations that include beliefs, values, norms and symbols.  Understanding George Herbert Mead’s theory of the self: George Herbert Mead, a prominent American sociologist and philosopher, developed a groundbreaking theory of the self, arguing that it is not an innate entity but rather a social construct that emerges through interaction with others. His theory, often referred to as social behaviorism, emphasizes the crucial role of socialization in George Herbert Mead shaping our sense of self.  Understanding George Herbert Mead’s theory of the self:  An individual explains his actions through the lens of his society, since he belongs to a social structure, a social order.  The individual sees himself as the focus of everything, until such time that the self emerges because of the influence of those who play a prominent role in their self- development. George Herbert Mead The "I" and the "Me": Two Sides of the Self Mead introduced the distinction between the "I" and the "Me" to describe the dual nature of the self: The "I": This represents the spontaneous, impulsive, and creative aspect of the self. It is the active part that initiates actions and responds to immediate situations. The "I" is the source of our individuality and uniqueness. The "Me": This represents the socialized aspect of the self, the part that internalizes the expectations, norms, and roles of society. It guides behavior by considering how others perceive and evaluate the individual. The "Me" is the internalized sense of societal expectations and values.  Stages of Self-Development: Mead proposed a developmental process through which individuals acquire a sense of self and identity. This process consists of three stages: The Preparatory Stage The Play Stage The Game Stage George Herbert Mead The Looking-Glass Self: While Mead's theory is central to understanding the development of the self, the concept of the "looking- glass self", developed by Charles Horton Cooley, provides a complementary perspective. Cooley argued that individuals develop a sense of self by reflecting on how they believe others perceive them. This process involves three steps: Imagining Interpreting Developing Self-Concept Imagining: The first step within the Looking-Glass Self by Cooley is "imagining" the thought of how one looks to others in relation to not only their "mere" physical appearance but also words, deeds, and general career. Interpreting: The second stage of interpreting in Cooley's Looking-Glass Self is where a person interprets and gives meaning to judgments perceived. It is concerning sense-making for reactions, facial expressions or perhaps words with the people around us and what such people may be thinking or perhaps feeling about us. Final stage of developing self-concept is a stage in Cooley's Looking-Glass Self whereby an individual integrates his imagination of the judgments made by other people into an overall self-image and forms his sense of worth. This has to do with the internalization of the perceived opinions of others, developing feelings, beliefs, and attitudes about ourselves. Private Self, Public Self, and Collective Self: Different Facets of Identity While George Herbert Mead's theory focuses on the "I" and the "Me" as the two key aspects of the self, the concepts of private self, public self, and collective self provide a further nuanced understanding of how individuals present themselves in different social contexts. Three aspects of the self Private Self: This is the innermost part of the self, the core of your personality, values, beliefs, and thoughts. Public Self: This is the self that you present to the world, the persona you project to others  Collective Self: This aspect of self emerges from your sense of belonging to a group or community. Anthropology is the inclusive study of the human race, its culture and society, and its physical development Sociology and Anthropology: Sociology is the mother of all social sciences. Hence it has close and intimate relationship with Anthropology. The relationship is so close that Anthropologists like A.L. Kroeber consider Sociology and Anthropology as twin sisters. They often appear as two names for the same subject. R. Reddfield recognizes the closeness between these two social sciences. Social Identity Theory Social Identity Theory investigates the ways people characterize themselves in relation to groups. Membership into groups is what accentuates the significance of belonging to groups in defining who we are and how we act. Knowledge from this theory could better enable us understand and even make some sense out of the social interaction and enable us to better our interpersonal relationships. Social identity refers to the part of an individual's self-concept derived from their membership in social groups. This includes aspects such as: , nationality, ethnicity, and gender. It influences how we perceive ourselves as well as how we are perceived by others Social Categorization Social categorization is the process of classifying people into groups based on shared Social categorization is the process of classifying people into groups based on shared characteristics. This helps simplify our understanding of the characteristics. This helps simplify our understanding of the social world but can also lead to social world but can also lead to stereotyping and prejudice against out-groups Fundamental social categories that we use to classify ourselves and others: Race and Ethnicity Gender Age Occupation Social Class Political Affiliation Religious Affiliation Social Media The Role of In-groups In-groups are the social groups with which an individual identifies. They provide a sense of In-groups are the social groups with which an individual identifies. They provide a sense of belonging and can enhance belonging and can enhance self esteem. However, strong in-group bias can lead to self esteem. However, strong in-group bias can lead to discrimination against those perceived as out-group members Understanding Out-groups Out-groups are those groups to which an individual does not belong. The perception of out- groups can lead to misunderstanding, Out-groups are those groups to which an individual does not belong. The perception of out-groups can lead to misunderstanding, conflict, and stereotyping. Recognizing our biases can help mitigate negative attitudes towards these groups Individual, Relational, and Collective Self: Individual Self: The concept of individual self is complex, meaning essentially a unique identity, personality, and individuality in a person. This refers to the internal subjective experience of being uniquely separate and independent from all others. The sense of self develops over time as one interacts more and more with the world and other people and continues to be modified all through life.  Rational self refers to that part of us focused on logic, reason, and objective thinking. That is the voice in our head which analyzes situations and weighs options; makes decisions based on facts and evidence rather than on emotions or impulse.  Collective self is the sense of identity and belonging that we derive from our membership in groups and communities; it marks the part of us that identifies with shared experiences and values with others and builds up our sense of who we are within a broader context. SUMMARY sociological and anthropological point of view, there is a general understanding of how one assumes the role in social life, culminating in the formation of one's identity. Both disciplines focus on the importance of social interaction and cultural orientation in the formation of the self. Sociology views the self as a product of social interaction and socialization. Key figures in this field, like Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead, proposed influential theories that illuminate this process. Cooley's looking-glass self theory suggests that our self-concept is shaped by how we perceive others' views of us. This involves three stages: Imagining Interpreting Developing Self-Concept Mead's social self theory expands on Cooley's concept by emphasizing the development of the self through social interaction. He posits two key components of the self: The "I" and the "Me": Two Sides of the Self three stages of self-development: The Preparatory Stage The Play Stage The Game Stage The views of sociologists and anthropologists converge in the proposition that the self is not inherent but constructed from a set of social and cultural forces. Thus, both consider social interaction, socialization, and cultural context as being very important in the construction of our identity, awareness of the self, or self-concept.