Understanding The Self GEC 1 PDF

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 1 LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER / MIDTERM A.Y. 2024 - 2025 Topic outline: How we think and talk to ourselves about our The Physical Self...

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GEC 1 LECTURE / FIRST SEMESTER / MIDTERM A.Y. 2024 - 2025 Topic outline: How we think and talk to ourselves about our The Physical Self bodies The Sexual Self Our sense of how other people view our bodies The Material/Economic Self PERCEPTION – your view about yourself and to others The Spiritual Self The Digital Self “Self-esteem must be built in a society” Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Managament THE CONCEPT OF ANIMA AND ANIMUS OF CARL GUSTAV The Political Self JUNG ANIMA – unconscious feminine side of a man ANIMUS – unconscious side of a woman THE PHYSICAL SELF “Body shaming leads to eating disorder” When it comes to our bodies, there are number of sources that affect us more than others: ANOREXIA NERVOSA Today’s embedded ideals (Society’s ideas of Extreme diet (fear of gaining weight; BMI is what beauty is) below normal) Embedded ideals refer to the societal A person restricts the number of calories he/she standards and norms regarding body image consumes. that are ingrained in culture. These ideals often dictate what is considered attractive or BULIMIA NERVOSA acceptable, leading individuals to feel They consume food but feel guilty (induce pressure to conform. This can result in vomiting; BMI is normal) negative self-perception and body It is a eating disorder wherein the person who dissatisfaction. has this fear of getting fat, hence, they insert their index finger and shove it inside their throat to vomit their intake food. The media (Media’s portrayal of beauty) The media plays a significant role in shaping PICA perceptions of body image through They eat inedible food (craving of not nutritious advertising, television, and social media food/person eats things not usually considered platforms. It often promotes unrealistic body food) standards that can influence viewers’ self- esteem and body image, contributing to issues such as eating disorders and mental Body image is both internal (personal) and external health problems. (society): Internal (how you view/classify yourself or your Prejudice (especially on size) / (Society’s body) while standard of beauty) External (how the public or others view you) o Prejudice against individuals based on their How we perceive our bodies visually size can lead to stigma and discrimination, How we feel about our physical appearance affecting mental health and well-being. Sizeism perpetuates negative stereotypes  about larger bodies, which can result in LIBIDO – sex drive (term used by Sigmund social exclusion and internalized shame for Freud) those who do not fit the idealized body Having sexual desire is normal because we are type. people but we don’t do it anywhere How to build strong and positive body image? PARAPHILIC DISORDER Understand that healthy attractive bodies come Sexual desire or urges that is beyond the norm. in many shapes and sizes “No matter what your size, you are good” We should not neglect our physical appearance” Remember that physical appearance says very TYPES OF PARAPHILIC DISORDERS: little about our character or value as a person. “Invest in our character” Remember that how one gets to the point of SATYRIASIS (M), NYMPHOMANIA (F) acceptance often depends on individual Uncontrollable desire to have sex to whoever development and acceptance and whenever. “Self must be built from within; you should never anchor your self-worth to other people” FETISHISM Any object (part of the body) that is used during sex Steps to take to get into a point of balance: Social Media Detoxification – talk back to TRANSVESTIC FETISHISM media Intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing or FOMO – Fear of missing out dressing as the opposite sex JOMO – Joy of missing out FROTTEURISM “Stop comparing yourself to others” Intentionally rubbing genital to the person in front without consent to satisfy self Move, enjoy your body, and spend time with It involves the act of touching or rubbing one’s people who have good relationship with food, genitals against another and with a activity, and their bodies UNCONSENTED individual in a sexual manner, to Recognize that size prejudice is a form of attain sexual gratification. discrimination, approach health and well-being from a fun and socially engaging perspective, put importance to healthy lifestyle VOYEURISM Question degree to which self-esteem depends on our appearance, broaden perspective about Gain satisfaction in watching people engaged in health and beauty intimate behaviors (naked) unconsented They don't want to have sex or have a sexual partner. Whereas, they gain sexual LIBIDO from THE SEXUAL SELF peeking at UNCONSENTED PERSONS; they receive sexual gratification from watching others “We are sexual beings; we are created for pro- who are naked, dressing, and so forth. creation” “And for having multiplied evil, the love of many will be EXHIBITION cold. But the one who persevere to the end, this one will They do masturbate in public, increased sexual be saved.” (Matthew 24: 12-13) arousal if someone is disgusted (solution: do not give them attention)  Understanding the Human Sexual Response ZOOPHILIA Sexual interactions between human and animals a. The basic biology of sexual behavior o Entire nervous system plays significant role during sexual response NECROPHILIAN o Autonomic N.S involved in controlling involuntary responses Arousal with dead bodies (corpse) o Hypothalamus and Limbic System are responsible for regulating sexual response SEXUAL SADISM o The brain regulates the release of A person gets aroused if they will hurt hormones and neurotransmitters, which (physically) their sexual partner are believed to be the psychological origin of sexual drive. SEXUAL MASOCHISM A person gets aroused if they are receiving pain or hurting (physically) from their sexual partners LESION A region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, resulting to PEDOPHILIA different behavioral problems/symptoms They like engaging sexual interaction with younger people b. Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love and Attachment WHAT IS AN EROGENOUS ZONE? Three stages of Love: EROGENOUS ZONE – areas of human body 1. LUST – driven by sex hormones testosterone which have high concentration of nerve endings, and estrogen (according to biology, there is so they are particularly sensitive to touch, no love at first sight. it is only driven by lust) pressure, or vibration (women: clitoris, vagina, 2. ATTRACTION – this is when a person starts cervix, mouth & lips, neck breasts, nipples and to feel love ears) 3 main neurotransmitters: - Adrenaline TYPES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR - Dopamine - Serotonin 1. Solitary Behavior: Self-Gratification or Self- there is no love at first sight, its attraction at first Simulation sight’. that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax 3. LOVE – time of bonding becomes powerful, 2. Sociosexual Behavior: Generally divided into two major hormones involved in this feeling heterosexual behavior (male with female) and of attachment: homosexual behavior(male with male & female - Oxytocin (released during with female) orgasm): A powerful hormone released by men and women during orgasm. This is MAJOR FACTORS THAT DETERMINE HUMANSEXUAL responsible for automatically BEHAVIOR: milk production and cement the The inherited sexual response. strong bond of mother and The degree of restraint or other types of baby. influence exerted on the individual by society in the expression of his/her sexuality - Vasopressin (released after sex): Another important hormone in the long-term commitment stage. It is believed to be directly associated with  increased motivation to engage Major factors that determine human sexual behavior: in sexual behavior. 1. The inherited sexual response (activities) patterns 2. The degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted on the individual by society in c. Phases of Sexual Response the expression of his sexuality (why you’re too E.P to P.P then CLIMAX and finally will end to liberated or not is because of your society or R.P: surroundings) Types of Sexual Behavior: 1. SOLITARY BEHAVIOR – self-gratification or self-stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual climax 2. SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – generally divided into heterosexual behavior (male- female) and homosexual behavior (male-male & female- female) Terminologies: COITUS – a term that refers to sexual 1. EXCITEMENT PHASE – increased in pulse and interaction blood pressure, sudden rise of blood supply BIOLOGICAL SEX – objectively measurable (increased in skin temperature), flushing and organs, hormones, and chromosomes swelling, more rapid breathing secretion of (girl/boy) genital fluids, vaginal expansion and increased GENDER – subjective result of the brain’s in muscle tension. neurology within the context of society GENDER IDENTITY – how a person, in his 2. PLATEAU PHASE – brief duration; if stimulation head, thinks about himself continued, orgasms usually occur GENDER EXPRESSION – how a person demonstrates his gender through the way he 3. SEXUAL CLIMAX OR ORGASM – feeling of acts, dresses, behaves, and interacts abrupt, intense pleasure, rapid increase in pulse (feminine/masculine) rate and blood pressure, spasm of the pelvic SEXUAL ORIENTATION – refers to who a muscles causing contractions of female person is physically, spiritually, and reproductive organ and ejaculation by male emotionally attracted to. 4. RESOLUTION PHASE – return to a normal or subnormal physiologic state SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) Infections transmitted from an infected person to If there is a structure of a plot, there is also in an uninfected person through sexual contact sexual response. (vaginal, oral, or anal sex), it can be caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. The Diversity of Sexual Behavior AIDS Defined as any activity – solitary, between two Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus persons, or in a group – that induces sexual that causes AIDS. When a person becomes arousal infected with HIV, the virus attacks and weakens the immune system. As the immune system weakens, the person is at risk of getting life- threatening infections and cancers When that happens, the illness is called AIDS. Once a  person has the virus, Il stays inside the body for HPV (HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS) life (culmination of HIV). It's the most common sexually transmitted infection. HPV is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but some types can lead to cancer or CHLAMYDIA genital warts. Is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, HERPRES or throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra It is a common virus that causes sores on your (inside the penis), rectum, or throat. genitals and/or mouth. Herpes can be annoying and painful, but it usually doesn't lead to serious health problems. GONORRHEA Often called "the clap," this bacterial sexually transmitted infection exists in vaginal secretions and semen. Symptoms may include a yellowish or greenish vaginal discharge and a burning feeling FELATIO AND CUNNILUNGUS when urinating. Gonorrhea can also affect the Both an oral sex. anus and the throat. Many women have no FELATIO - Is when a female stimulates male sex symptoms. Gonorrhea can be treated with organ using mouth. antibiotics. If left untreated, it can cause PID and CUNNILUNGUS - Is when male stimulates female infertility. sex organ using mouth. SYPHILIS Methods of Contraceptive This sexually transmitted infection is caused by a bacterium The disease has several phases. People with primary syphilis (early disease) may NATURAL METHODS ARTIFICIAL METHODS have pain-free open sores, called chancres, in Abstinence Oral Contraceptives the genital or anal area or around the mouth. Calendar Method Transdermal Patch The sores usually heal on their own in three to six weeks. People with secondary syphilis (a later Basal Body Vaginal Ring stage of the disease) often have a rash and/or Temperature hair loss. If left untreated, syphilis can proceed to Ovulation Detection Hormonal Injections the latent stage during which it may have no Coitus Interruptus Intrauterine Device visible symptoms but can cause damage to the (Withdrawal) heart, brain, and other organs. Syphilis can be successfully treated with Chemical Barriers antibiotics. Without treatment, it can hurt your Cervical Cap body's organs, leading to severe illness and even death. Male Condoms Female Condoms PRIMARY SYPHILIS (Early disease) o Pain free open sores (chancres) and usually heal 3-6 weeks. THE MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF SECONDARY SYPHILIS (Later stage) “We consume from womb to tomb” o Often have rash or hair loss I shop; therefore, I am: I have, therefore LATENT STAGE I am? (Initiated by Barbara Kruger) o May have no visible symptom, but can damage heart, brain, or other organs Our material possession has something to do to our identity  The person who lives, is the person who shops. actions, the marketplace, and cultural meanings. A person is defined not by what they think, but A consumer culture is focused on the buying and what they own (through shopping) selling of goods (selling something must be SHOPPING - Is an expressive and constitutive strategic – you should consider the culture of the existential act (Kruger) consumer when selling something). Understanding shopping is important in PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFESSIONS - Regard determining race, culture, gender, class, family, consumer culture as a form of conditioning. and community (Belk, 2016) You thought nakatipid ka na pero hindi pala (ex. limited edition shampoo—original packaging; you will still buy the shampoo According to William James; kahit bumalik sa orig. packaging kasi doon ka na nasanay). MATERIAL SELF - Is primarily about our bodies, “That’s not all, folks!” clothes, immediate family, and home; it is one of Akala mo nakatipid ka na pero ni- the components of the self, along with the social psychological conditioning ka lang pala. self, and spiritual self, and pure ego. Jabe & Mcdo – red, yellow (hunger) Coffee Shop – brown, green (peace) BODY– Innermost part of our material self; THE SPIRITUAL SELF intentionally, we are investing in our body as we cannot live without it. The practice of religion: Belief in supernatural beings and CLOTHES – acc. to Herman Lotze in his powers. Philosophy of dress, “any time we bring an object into the surface of our body, we invest RELIGION – refers to beliefs and behaviors that object into the consciousness of our personal related to supernatural beings and powers. existence taking in its contours to be our own and making it part of our self” The choice of religious belief lies within the spiritual self, although the choice IMMEDIATE FAMILY – what our parents do or may be influenced by society and its become affects us culture. HOME – the earliest nest of our selfhood RUSSEL BELK (1988) CHARACTERISTICS: “… We regard our possessions as part of ourselves. We are what we have and what we possess.” Belief in anthropomorphic supernatural, like spirits & gods. Material possessions gain higher value in our Focus on sacred supernatural, where sacred lifetime if we use material possessions to find means a feeling of reverence and awe. happiness, associate these things with significant Presence of supernatural power or energy found events, accomplishments, and people in our lives. in supernatural beings, as well as physical beings and objects. Shaping the way we see ourselves: The role of Performance of ritual activities that involve the consumer culture on our sense of self and identity. manipulation of sacred objects to communicate with supernatural beings. ADVERTISMENT ANALYSIS: What makes a Articulation of worldview and moral codes product effective or ineffective? (We don’t like through narratives and other means. the product, but because of persuasion, we tend to like it – people who advertise it are famous in Provides creation and maintenance of social society.) bonds; explanation for the unknown and sense of individual control. CONSUMER CULTURE - Is a study of consumption choices and behaviors from a social and cultural point of view, as opposed to an economic or psychological one (You need to buy ANIMISM – It is the belief that nature has a soul it because it is a necessity). (it can be recognized by he/she; it can have gender or personality similar to people). CONSUMER CULTURE THEORY – It addresses the dynamic relationship between consumer  ANIMATISM – it doesn’t have personality; it is WITCHCRAFT an impersonal “it” rather than “he or she.” Is an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic ANCESTRAL SPIRITS – The souls or spirits of power capable of causing harm, including dead relatives freed from their body at death sickness and death (according to the Bible, it is who maintain an interest in living. the instrument of evil). Often need to be worshiped or included in Functions of Witchcraft: rituals to be placed so that they continue to be benevolent. Effective way for people to explain a personal misfortune without having to shoulder any blame They are thought to be reborn generation themselves. after generation. Provides an outlet for feelings of hostility and frustration without disturbing the norms of the larger group. THE CONCEPT OF “DUNGAN” DUNGAN - Is an indigenous Filipino term that refers to the soul or spirit. CONCLUSION: Religion, magic, and even witchcraft Among the Ilonggos, "dungan" refers to the serve the same functions of trying to explain spirit or soul when one is alive; if dead, it is unexplainable behavior and providing comfort and a called "kalag." coherent view of the world. Kaluluwa (Tagalogs) Gimukod (Bagobos) PANANAMPALATAYA (FAITH) IN MIRANDA’S ANALYSIS Makatu (Bukidnons) (1987) Kadkadwa (Ilokanos) if it’s inside the "Pananam" may refer to "lasa" or taste body or alive; if dead, **Kararwa.** (natatamasa). While "taya" refers to a type of game of chance ("sugal") that, when affixed RELIGION - Is an organized system of ideas with "pala," means someone who is repeatedly about the spiritual sphere, along with ceremonial engaged in it. practices. According to Salazar (2016), the root word of "pananampalataya" is "sampalataya" with “There are questions that science cannot answer, but the prefix "pan." "Sampalataya" comes from Bible can.” Sanskrit "sampratyaya" that means "conviction," "right conception," "perfect trust or Functions of Religion: faith or belief." Creates a moral community. In Tagalog, it now means "faith or belief in Provides rites of passage. someone;" "act of worship in God" and Provides emotional support. "adoration." A definition that can already be Serves as a means to provide answers to found in Serrano Y Laktaw (1917). ultimate questions. Agent of social change. LOGOTHERAPY This proposes that "man's primary motivational force is the search for meaning" - Viktor E. MAGIC are ILLUSIONS. Frankl Logotherapy uses the philosophy of optimism in Functions of Magic include: the face of tragedy, where people are capable of "turning suffering into human achievement and Avoidance or healing of illness in humans. accomplishment; deriving from guilt the Seeking some "luck" where the outcome is in opportunity to change oneself for the better, and doubt or beyond factual influence. deriving from life's transitoriness an incentive to Captivates the audience with expert take responsible action." showmanship. “No matter how painful our experiences are, there is still hope.” "There is no doubt that kids nowadays get far more exposed to self-focusing stimuli than we adults used to at Three ways of discovering meaning in life: their age, especially with digital cameras, cellphones, and the easiness of posting these images and videos 1. BY DOING A DEED – in order to find the online." meaning of life, take risks. 2. BY EXPECIENCING A VALUE – value your own "Frequently being photographed and filmed likely self. induces self-awareness and self-evaluation, leading to 3. BY SUFFERING – we need to experience all the self-criticism and possibly other aversive consequences." challenges. The growing habit of constantly being filmed or taking photos, especially among the younger generation, can increase self-criticism, negatively LOGOTHERAPY ASSUMPTIONS affecting mental health (e.g., feeling insecure or 1. The human being is an entity consisting of body, overthinking due to a lack of likes). mind, and spirit. 2. Life has meaning under all circumstances, even the most miserable. What's Public and What's Private? 3. People have a will to meaning. 4. People have freedom under all circumstances to Thoughts to ponder: activate the will to find meaning. How much do your parents know about your 5. Life has a demand quality to which people must online life? respond if decisions are to be meaningful. How would you feel if they could see or read 6. The individual is unique. everything you’ve ever published? Tip: Limit what you share online. Frankl's Sources of Meaning: Are You a Good Web Citizen? Purposeful work Cruelty, harassment, and bullying are closely Courage in the face of difficulty tied with online identity—how we choose to Love express ourselves, establish community norms, and stand against offensive, demeaning, or upsetting behavior. THE DIGITAL SELF While most negative behaviors online don't reach the level of bullying, online interactions often lead to misunderstandings since they lack cues I, Me, Myself, and My User ID Online Identity: like body language or tone changes. 1. PERSONAL IDENTITY – The interpersonal level We should be responsible and ethical online. of self, differentiating the individual as unique Being a good web citizen (netizen) involves from others. considering the impact of our actions on others 2. SOCIAL IDENTITY – The level of self where the and actively contributing to a positive online individual is identified by his or her group environment. memberships. 3. ONLINE IDENTITY – The sum of your characteristics and interactions on the internet, SELECTIVE SELF-PRESENTATION AND IMPRESSION influenced by the different interactions with MANAGEMENT websites, showing various representations of who you are and what you do. SELF PRESENTATION Any behavior that is designed to convey an Are you preoccupied with photos of yourself online? image about ourselves to other people. Are gender roles to blame?  This explains why our behavior can change if we Low self-esteem can result from the risk of being notice we are being watched or observed. exposed to cyberbullying and cyberpornography. IMPRESSION MANAGAMENT A conscious or subconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of THE POLITICAL SELF others about a person, object, or event. Impression management strategies include: DEVELOPING A FILIPINO IDENTITY 1. INGRATIATION - Behaving in ways to make 1. INDIVIDUAL FACTORS oneself likable to others. Include one’s attitudes and values 2. SELF-PROMOTION - Accenting your strong Common Filipino values and traits include points to earn respect. hospitality, respect for elders, close family ties, 3. EXEMPLIFICATION - Demonstrating exemplary cheerful personality, adaptability and resilience, behavior to boost your integrity or character. self-sacrifice, resourcefulness and creativity, faith 4. INTIMIDATION - Using physical or emotional and religiosity, bayanihan–spirit, “bahala na threats to get what you want from others. attitude, colonial mentality, manana habit, ningas 5. SUPPLICATION - Acting weak or dependent to __, pride, crab mentality, and Filipino time there get favors from others. is the presence of dualism which highlights the 6. NEGATIVE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT - Admitting contradiction between self-interest and the good your flaws. of the community Attitudes changes due to events that sweep the Two main motives why people seek to influence others' nation due to involvement in service-oriented perceptions: activities 1. INSTRUMENTAL MOTIVE - Includes the desire for increased self-esteem. 2. INSTITUTIONAL FACTORS Its fundamental meaning is the gaining School of rewards. Family 2. EXPRESSIVE MOTIVE - Comes down to wanting to be in charge of one's personal behavior and Media identity. Church It can arise in response to social norms, Government expectations, or restrictions, and seeks Non-government and People’s Organization to show others something different. ESTABLISHING A DEMOCRATIC CULTURE CAMPUS MEDIATED COMMUNICATION Democratic culture is about individual liberty as In Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), well as collective self-governance individuals have the opportunity to meet others The Philippines is democratic country; people of with a frequency and ease that previous the state have freedom and rights to express generations did not experience. With this new their desire technology, social behavior norms and Economic rights and social responsibility gives us expectations have shifted. the right to vote, privileges to all we have worked for. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE EXAMPLES OF WAYS ON HOW TO BE A GOOD INTERACTION ON THE SELF FILIPINO: Extensive online engagement is correlated with Be an active Filipino citizen personality and brain disorders such as poor Study the Philippine history social skills, ADHD, narcissistic tendencies, a need Support local products for instant gratification, addictive behaviors, and Speak the Filipino language emotional distress like depression, anxiety, and Do not spread fake news and be democratic in loneliness. engaging with dissent