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Lesson 1: Understanding The Self Personality Traits - Personality traits reflect people's ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––...

Lesson 1: Understanding The Self Personality Traits - Personality traits reflect people's –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors “Knowing yourself is the beginning of all - Personality traits imply consistency and wisdom” - Aristotle stability Self Understanding Self Concept is the personal knowledge of who - Lifetime endeavor we are, encompassing all of our thoughts and - Awareness and ability to understand feelings about ourselves physically, personally, one’s own actions and socially - Key to successful resolution of any emotional problem Self Understanding is having insight into one's own behavior, attitudes, strengths, and weakness Personality - Derived from the latin word/s persona, Five Big Traits (OCEAN) per, and sonare that means “to sound through” - Openness is the tendency to appreciate - Does not have one specific definition new art, ideas, values, feelings, and - It is a relatively permanent traits and behaviors unique characteristics that give both - consistency and individuality to a - Conscientiousness is the tendency to be person's behavior (Roberts & Mroczek, careful, on-time for appointments, to 2008) follow rules, and to be hard working Determinants of Personality - Extraversion is the tendency to be 1. Environmental Factors of Personality talkative, sociable, and to enjoy others; a. Surroundings of an individual the tendency to have a dominant style (neighborhood, school, and workplace) - Agreeableness is the tendency to agree 2. Biological Factors of Personality and go along with others rather than to a. Hereditary Factors assert one owns opinions and choices b. Physical Features c. Brain - Neuroticism is the tendency to be 3. Situational Factors of Personality frequently experience negative emotions a. Observed when a person such as anger, worry, and sadness, as behaves contrastingly and well as being interpersonally sensitive exhibits different traits and characteristics Self-care also means being patient with and kind 4. Cultural Factors to yourself. a. Large determinants what a Self-care is something we enjoy doing and not person is and what a person will something we feel forced to do. learn kola Lesson 2: The Self from the Socratic Method - In simpler terms, it is way of teaching Perspective of Philosophy that focuses on asking questions instead –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– of discussing a topic on its own Philosophy Self is dichotomous: - Queen of All Sciences - The physical realm (BODY) that is - Study of the fundamental nature of changeable, temporal, and imperfect knowledge, reality, and existence, - The ideal realm (SOUL) is the one that especially in an academic discipline is perfect and unchanging, eternal, and - Academic discipline concerned with immortal. investigating the nature of significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs Plato - Investigates the legitimacy of concepts Philosophy of the self can be explained as a by rational argument concerning their process of self-knowledge and purification of the implications, relationships as well as soul reality, knowledge, moral judgment, etc. Components of the soul Philosophy Is About: 1. Reason or divine essence that enables - What is morally right and wrong? Why? human to think deeply, make wise - What is a good life? choices and achieve a true - Does God Exist? understanding of eternal truths - What is the mind? 2. Appetite is the basic biological needs of human being Significant People in Philosophy 3. Spirit is the basic emotions of human being such as love, anger, ambition, Pythagoras is the first to use the term aggressiveness and empathy philosophy derived from the words philo (love) and sophia (wisdom) It is always the responsibility of the reason to organize, control, and reestablish harmonious Socrates relationship between these three elements "The Unexamined life is not worth living." St. Augustine - First philosopher who ever engaged in “The body is united with the soul, so that man systematic questioning about the self may be entire and complete, is a fact we - To Socrates, and this has become his recognize on the evidence of our own nature.” life-long mission, the true task of the philosopher is to know oneself - The last of the great ancient philosophers whose ideas were greatly Pre-Socratics, group of early Greek Platonic. philosophers, questions the origin and nature of - Christianity’s first theologian the physical world has led to their being called cosmologists or naturalists Two Realms of Human Nature Socrates was more concerned with another 1. God as the source of all reality and truth subject, the problem of the self 2. The sinfulness of man kola Rene Descartes David Hume “Cogito, ergo sum” “I think, therefore I am” - Influenced by empiricism - Assumed that there is no self - Father of Modern philosophy - Established his philosophical views on Two Distinct Entities from Experience (1739) true knowledge and concept of self 1. Impressions are the basic sensations of our experience, the elemental data of our Two Distinct Entities of the Self minds 1. Cogito or the mind that thinks 2. Ideas are copies of impressions that 2. Extenza or extension of mind (body) include thoughts and images that are built up from our primary impressions. The essence of self is being a thinking thing. Sigmund Freud Self-identity is dependent on the awareness in - Father of Psychoanalysis engaging with those mental operations. Dualistic View of Self John Locke 1. The Conscious Self - English philosopher and physician a. Governed by reality principle b. The self is rational, practical, Tabula Rasa and appropriate to the social - Blank slate environment - The mind is primary blank or empty c. Has the task of controlling the state before receiving outside constant pressures of the impressions unconscious self, as its primitive impulses continually seek for Key Points On Personal Identity (an essay immediate discharge from his most famous work, Essay Concerning 2. The Unconscious Self Human Understanding) a. Governed by pleasure principle 1. To discover the nature of personal b. It is the self that is aggressive, identity, it is important to find out what destructive, unrealistic and it means to be a person. instinctual 2. A person is a thinking, intelligent being who has the abilities to reason and to Both of Freud’s self needs immediate reflect. gratification and reduction of tensions to optimal 3. A person is also someone who considers levels and the goal of every individual is to make themself to be the same thing in unconscious conscious different times and different places. 4. Consciousness as being aware that we Parts of Personality are thinking — always accompanies 1. Id “I want it now” thinking and is an essential part of the a. Primitive features that are thinking process. driven by an unconscious need 5. Consciousness makes possible our belief for pleasure (pleasure principle) that we are the same identity in different b. Present at birth times and different places. c. Displays itself as selfish and demands gratification kola  2. Ego “We need to plan and wait in order Maurice Merleu-Ponty to have it” - A French philosopher and a. Develops around the age of 2 phenomenologist. b. Focuses on the reality principle c. It reduces the conflict between Mind/Body Problem id and Superego by - Different approach to the self implementing defense - The division between the “mind” and mechanism the “body” is a product of confused 3. Superego “You can't have it, it's not thinking right” a. Develops around the age of 5 Developed the concept of self-subject and b. It's our internal morals (morality contended that perceptions occur existentially principle) that we learn from our same-sex parent Paul and Patricia Churchland c. Punishes our ego for any wrong - Married American philosophers through guilt interested in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of science, cognitive Gilbert Ryle neurobiology, epistemology, and - An important figure in the field of perception Linguistic Analysis which focused on the solving of philosophical puzzles Patricia Churchland through an analysis of language - Man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as self The self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a Paul Churchland person to behave in a certain way in certain - Sees the self from a materialistic point circumstances. of view Immanuel Kant “Respect others as you would respect yourself” - A German Philosopher who made great contribution to the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics - Widely regarded as the greatest philosopher of the modern period It is the self that makes consciousness for the person to make sense of everything Transcendental Apperception is the essence of our consciousness that provides basis for understanding and establishing the notion of “self” by synthesizing one’s accumulation of experiences, intuition and imagination goes kola Lesson 3: The Self from the Two Phases of Self According to Mead 1. Me Self Perspective of Sociology and a. Phase which reflects the attitude Anthropology of the generalized other –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– b. Me is the social self c. Me as a conventional, habitual Sociology individual - One of the disciplines in the social 2. I Self sciences which aims to discover the a. Phase that responds to the ways by which the social attitude of generalized other or surrounding/environment influences the I people’s thoughts, feelings and behavior b. I is a response to the Me - Presents the self as a product of modern c. I as the novel reply of the society individual to the generalized other Questions by Sociologists - How does society influence you? Charles Hortoon Cooley - How do you affect society? - Used the socio-psychological approach - Who are you as the person in the to understand how societies work community? - Coined the term “looking-glass self” - Self is a product of social interaction George Herbert Mead Every individual is a product of social Georg Simmel interaction and not biological in nature - Proposed that there is human nature - Innate to the individual - Well-known for his theory of self - Intrinsic to the individual like - Described self as a dimension of the natural inclination to personality that is made up of the religious impulse or the gender individuals self-awareness and differences self-image - Claimed that most of our social interactions are individual motivations Social Behaviorism - The approach Mead used to describe the Subjective Culture or individual culture is the power of environment in shaping human ability to embrace, use, and feel culture behavior - The self emerges from social experience Objective Culture is made up of elements that become separated from the individual or group’s Stages of Self Formation control and identifies as separate objects 1. Preparatory Stage (Imitation) 2. Play Stage (Role Taking) 3. Game Stage (Awareness) kola Anthropology Heroes are people from the past or present who - A field of the social sciences that have characteristics that are important in culture focuses on the study of man - The field looks into a man's physical or Rituals are activities participated by a group for biological characteristics, his social the fulfillment of desired objectives and are relationships and the influences of concerned to be socially essential culture Values are considered to be the core of every Four Subfields of Anthropology culture and are unconscious, neither discuss or 1. Archaeology observed, and can only be inferred from the way a. Comparative study of past people act and react to situations cultures through its material (artifacts) and cultural remains (fossils) b. The most aspects of human nature is survival 2. Linguistic Anthropology a. The study of spoken language, a distinct human trait b. Essential part of human communication is language c. Language identifies a group of people (words, sounds, symbols, writings, and signs) 3. Biological Anthropology a. Physical anthropology b. Studies humans as biological organisms, their emergence, evolution, variation in time and space 4. Cultural Anthropology a. Social or sociocultural anthropology b. Focuses in knowing what makes one group’s manner of living particular to that group c. Forms an essential part of the member’s personal and social identity Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, or objects that have recognized or accepted meaning in a particular culture kola Lesson 4: The Self from the Two Parts of the Self According to James 1. I Self Perspective of Psychology a. The subject of experience –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– b. Refers to the self that knows who he or she is Psychology c. The subjective self is aware of - Scientific study of human behavior and his or her actions mental processes d. Describing yourself using your - Four goals: Describe, Explain, Predict, own perspective Modify 2. Me Self a. The object of experience Concerns of Psychology b. The self is an object or the self 1. How individuals develop and mature at you can describe different life stages c. Perspective of other people 2. Concepts such as consciousness, memories, and reasoning Three Components of Me Self 3. How the individual and his environment 1. Material Self shape his personality a. Individuals’ physical attributes 4. How we think, behave and feel in and material possessions that certain situations contribute to one’s self-image 5. Mental health and illnesses b. Awareness of physical 6. Character strengths, coping, happiness, appearance and wellbeing 2. Social Self a. To who a person is and how he Self As A Cognitive Construction or she acts in social situations - Self Concept b. Awareness of others’ a. The cognitive aspect of the self perceptions b. Self knowledge 3. Spiritual Self c. A cognitive structure that a. Most intimate and important includes beliefs about part of the self that includes the personality traits, physical person’s purpose, core values, characteristics, abilities, values, conscience and moral behavior goals, and roles b. Requires introspection d. Knowledge that an individual exist as individuals Carl Rogers e. Self concept becomes more - American psychologist and among the abstract and complex as one founders of the humanistic or existential grows and develops approach to psychology - Agreed with Abraham Maslow’s self William James actualization - Founder of Functionalism - For a person to “grow” he must - Father of American Psychology need an environment that can - American philosopher and psychologist provide him with genuineness - Believed that the self is made up of two or openness and self-disclosure parts kola  - Proposed the personality theory, - The human agency is the essence of Person-centered Theory being human - Stated that the term self-concept is used to refer to how a person thinks about or Personal Determinants perceives himself - Cognitive or Knowledge - Mental and Emotional Factors (Goals Two Type of Self-Concept and Anxiety) 1. Real Self - Self-Efficacy a. Consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of what Behavioral Determinants one is and what one can do - Skills b. Who we actually are - Practice 2. Ideal Self - Self-Efficacy a. The person is a conception of what one should be or what one Environmental Determinants aspires to be which includes - Social Norms goals and ambitions in life - Physical Environment b. Who or what we want to be - Influence on Others Donnald Winnicot Bruce Bracken - English pediatrician and psychoanalyst Six Domains of Self Concept who studied child development 1. Social or the ability to interact with others Two Aspects of Self According to Winnicot 2. Competence or the ability to meet our 1. True Self basic needs a. Has a sense of integrity 3. Affect or the awareness of our b. Characterized by high level of emotional state awareness in the person 4. Physical or feelings about our health 2. False Self 5. Academic or the success and failure in a. Mask that hides the true person school for fear of pain from failure 6. Family or how well one function within b. False selves usually surface the family unit when the person is forced to comply with existing social norms or standards Albert Bandura - Coined the term Triadic Reciprocal Causation - Proponent of the personality theory known as The Social Learning Theory - The person is seen as: - Proactive or future focused - Agentic or present focused kola Lesson 5: The Self in the Eastern Collective Self and Western Thought (Harmony and Interdependence) –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Collectivism is the idea that the human species Countries who are geographically closer to each that thinks, lives, and acts toward goals is not the other may share commonalities, but factors that individual, but some group may create differences must be considered - Group members are relatively close psychologically and emotionally, but Eastern Western distant towards non-group members Views Conservative Open-minded Eastern Culture and People in Rural Settings and Traditional and Flexible tend to be more collective. They: - Prioritize others needs over themselves Family Prioritize Allows - Work as a group Elders Preference - Do what’s best for society Marriage Arranged Love - Centralize families and communities Marriage Marriage The Social Construction of Self Individualistic Self - Self has been an area of interest by French and English philosophers, and (Independence and Self Reliance) evident in the ideas of Greek philosophers. Individualism is the idea that the human species 1. Socrates that thinks, lives, and acts toward goals is the 2. Plato individual 3. Rene Descartes - People can form their own independent 4. Immanuel Kant judgments, act on their own thoughts, and disagree with others Four Qualities Imparted to the Western - People tend to distance themselves Subjective Self by Frank Johnson psychologically and emotionally from 1. Analytical sees objects as divisible each other combinations of smaller objects 2. Monotheistic relies on unitary, Western Cultures and People in Urban omnipotent explanations of phenomena Settings tend to be more individualistic. They: (Belief in one God) - Consider what is in his own best 3. Individualistic is independent and interests affects the public self and the private - Act on his ownprivate motivations self and values 4. Materialistic and rationalistic tends to - Decide whether to cooperate with others discredit explanations that do not use to solve problems analytic-deductive modes of thinking - Choose to think for himself about the conclusions that the majority of others in a group come to kola Spiritual Development in Confucian Thought Confucius - Also known as “Master Kong” in China - Born in the period of the Zhou Dynasty in 551 BCE in the state of Lu - Humanistic Social Philosophy which focuses on human beings and society in general - Founder of Confucianism which is centered on ren Major Confucian Principles Ren - Reflects the person’s own understanding of humanity - It guides human actions that makes life worth living Li (Propriety) - Customs, ceremonies, and traditions - To master oneself and return to propriety is humanity Five Relationships under Li 1. Father & Son 2. Ruler & Subject 3. Older & Younger Brothers 4. Husband & Wife 5. Friend & Friend Xiao (Filiality) - The virtue of reverence and respect for the family - Family is the reflection of a person Yi (Rightness) - Right is right and what is not right is wrong - Actions should be performed because they are right and not for selfish benefits that they provide kola Lesson 6: Physical Self Factors in the Development of Physical Self The development of an individual is cause by –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– two interacting forces: 1. Hereditary or Nature which is the Physical Self is a person’s entire body including transmission of traits or characteristics the basic parts and the organs. from parents to their offspring(s) Physical Efficiency 2. Environment or Nurture which is the Infancy, Adulthood, Middle Age, Old Age sum total of the forces or experiences Rate of Physical Development that a person undergoes Childhood, Babyhood, Adolescence (Crucial) The Beginning of Life 1. Fertilization or the meeting of the egg Concept of Physical Self According To and sperm cell William James 2. Zygote or the fertilized egg - Body as an initial source of sensation 3. Genes or the true carries of hereditary - Body is necessary for the origin and characteristics maintenance of personality Sigmun Freud Stages in the Life Span - Construction of the self and personality Stage Age makes the body and the core of human experience Prenatal Period Conception to birth Wilhelm Reich Infancy Birth to 2nd week - Mind and body are one Early Childhood or 2 to 6 years old - All psychological processes are part of Preschool Age physical processes and vice versa Late Childhood or 6 to 10/12 years old Erik Erikson Elementary Age - Bodily organs are important in early Adolescence 13/14 to 18 years old developmental stages - Physical and Intellectual skills Early Adulthood 18 to 40 years old determine a person’s role in society Middle Age 40 to 60 years old Carl Jung Old Age or 60 years old to death - Physical body and the external world Senescence can be known as a psychological experience Standard of Beauty is Symmetry or the similarity of the left and right side of the face B.F Skinner - Role of the body is of primary Beauty and Self Expression Across Cultures importance 1. Scarification 2. Neck Rings Hatha-Yoga is the yoga of the body 3. Foot Binding Growth and Enlightenment is a whole body 4. Body Modification event (Indian Tradition) kola Personal Factors Affecting Self Perception Promoting Physical Image 1. Introspection is the process by which 1. Personal Hygiene one observes and examine one’s mental 2. Good Grooming or emotional being after behaving a 3. Social graces certain way 4. Proper Bearing and posture 2. Self Perception Theory explains that 5. Good Health the internal state is difficult to interpret but can be observed through an outsider perspective 3. Self Concept is the cognitive representation of self-knowledge or beliefs about oneself 4. Personal Identity is the concept that a person has about themselves that develops over the years Social Factors Affecting Self Perception 1. Attachment Process and Social Appraisal (Mother or caregiver’s care) 2. Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley) 3. Social Comparison a. Upward or the comparison towards someone better b. Downward or the comparison towards someone worse Culture is defined as a social system that is characterized by the shared meanings that are attributed to people and events by its members It can either be a positive or negative influence on body image and self esteem Self-Esteem - How we value and perceive ourselves - Impacts decision-making processes, relationship, emotional health, and overall well-being Types of Self-Esteem - Inflated or high regards for oneself and think lowly of others - High or positive self esteem that bring satisfaction - Low or no value and trust on oneself kola Lesson 7: Sexual Self Primary Sex Characteristics include reproductive organs –––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Sexuality is one of the fundamental drives MALE FEMALE behind a person’s feelings, thoughts, and Growth of scrotum Increase in behavior. It can be perceived as biological, and testes size of uterus psychological, or social. Secretion of Ovaries produce History of Perspective in Human Sexuality hormones related hormones to start the to sperm production menstrual cycle 1. Ancient Greece Growth Increase in of penis size of vagina MAN WOMAN Assumed the Considered as Secondary Sex Characteristics include body dominant role objects or property hair, changing voice, and things alike Viewed as the “Gyne” or symbol of fertility children bearer MALE FEMALE Body and facial hair Hips widen 2. Middle Ages a. The strong influence of the More muscle mass Growth of breasts church Greater height Fat in hips b. All sexual acts that do not lead to procreation were considered Broadening shoulders Curvier body evil Kinds of Reproduction 3. Protestant Reformation 1. Asexual Reproduction a. Protestantism believes that a. Simpler form of reproduction sexuality is a natural part of life b. Does not need a partner or any b. Sexual intimacy strengthens the sexual intercourse bond of couple 2. Sexual Reproduction a. There is a male and female 4. 17th to 18th Century involved in the process a. The Puritans rallied for b. Involves reproductive cells religious, moral, and societal reform Sex Hormones are the same in females and b. Premarital sex was considered males: estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone. immoral The only difference between females and males are: Biological Perspective of Human Sexuality - Production sites - Blood concentration Sex or Assigned Sex includes organs that define - Interactions if you are a female (ovaries) or a male (testes) - Apparatuses kola Difference of Sexual Development (DSD) Gratification In Each Stage - Term used when a person is born with a 1. Oral Stage: eating and sucking reproductive anatomy that doesn’t fit the 2. Anal Stage: defecation typical definitions of sex. 3. Phallic Stage: opposite sex parent - This can include difference in hormones, a. Oedipus complex - boy to chromosomes, and internal/external mother attraction reproductive structure b. Electra complex - girl to father attraction Intersex describes people with differences in 4. Latency Stage: dormant as child focus sex development. Experiences of intersex people on social activities vary through age. 5. Genital Stage: attraction towards the opposite gender For Infants - 1.7% of the population is born with Religious Perspective of Human Sexuality intersex traits - No vaginal opening Judaism - Labia that does not open - Marital sex is a blessing by God and is - Penis without urethral opening pleasurable for man and woman - Smaller penis than expected - Sexual connection makes an opportunity - Larger clitoris than expected for spirituality and transcendence For Adolescents - Unusual development Islam - Absence of development - Family is of utmost importance - No menstruation - Celibacy within marriage is prohibited - Male breast growth - Men can have four wives but women For Adults can only have one husband - Can be discovered upon trying to - Sex is only within marriage conceive or due to medical procedures - Premarital sex is penalized - No uterus - Undescended testes Catholicism - Marriage is purely for procreation Psychological Perspective of Human Sexuality - Pope John Paul II: married couples should engage in intercourse for Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development procreation (Evangelium Vitae, 1995) - Homosexual orientation is not a sin, STAGES AGE EROGENOUS ZONE homosexual acts are - Birth control is opposed and natural Oral 0-1 Mouth family planning is acceptable Anal 1-3 Anus Chemistry of Love, Lust, & Attachment Phallic 3-6 Genital Three Phases of Romantic Love Latency 6-14 Dormant 1. Lust - Intense craving for sexual contact 2. Attraction - Infatuation Genital 14+ Genital 3. Attachment - Long-term bond kola Sexual Response Cycle by William masters Diversity of Sexual Behavior and Virginia Johnson Sex came from the Latin word “secare” meaning Sexual response varies from one person to “to divide” another person Sexual fulfillment can occur without the Gender Identity completion of all four phases: - How one feels on the inside and how 1. Excitement - preparation for intercourse they express your gender through through lubrication. Breathing and pulse clothing, behavior, and personal become rapid appearance regardless of assigned sex. 2. Plateau - changes related to excitement - Cisgender identifies with their assigned reach its peak sex at birth 3. Orgasm - contractions all over the body. - Transgender has a gender identity that It’s also called a sexual release does not coincide with their assigned 4. Resolution - Male goes through sex at birth refractory phase and women resolve slower Sexual Orientation - Pattern of romantic, emotional or sexual Style’s of Love by John Lee attraction to a person 1. Eros is sexual and emotional - Heterosexual are people attracted to a 2. Storge is love- related friendship different gender 3. Ludus is love is just a game - Homosexual are people attracted to the 4. Mania is obsessive and possessive same gender 5. Pragma is compatibility with partner - Bisexual are people attracted to both 6. Agape is God’s Love (altruistic) men and women - Pansexual or Queer are people Triangular Theory by Robert Sternberg attracted to a person regardless of the 1. Intimacy is the desire to give & receive other’s gender 2. Passion is the intense romantic or - Asexual are people who aren’t sexually sexual desire for another person attracted to anyone 3. Commitment is the decision to maintain the relationship through good Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are and bad times diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact with an infected individual 1. Chlamydia a. One of the common sexually transmitted infections b. Infects the genital organs of both sexes 2. Genital Herpes a. Caused by a large family of viruses of different strains b. These are small blisters or sores around the genitals kola  3. Gonorrhoea b. Barrier Methods a. Male: discharge from the penis i. Fertilization of ovum and burning sensations while and sperm is prevented urinating with the help of barriers b. Female: irritating vaginal ii. Condoms for both male discharge and female are available 4. Syphilis c. Sterilization a. First shows itself in a small i. Tubal ligation or the wound at the point of sexual tying of a woman’s contact. In the second stage, fallopian tubes rashes appear. ii. Vasectomy or the tying b. This infectious disease may of a man’s vas deferens affect the brain, heart and even a d. Intrauterine Device growing fetus. i. A small device that is 5. HIV/AIDS placed in the uterus by a a. Infections that destroy the doctor to prevent immune system which is the pregnancy defense of the body to illness e. Emergency Contraception like cancer and tuberculosis i. Protects against b. HIV leads to AIDS if untreated pregnancy after unprotected sex has Methods of Contraception already occurred. 1. Natural or Behavioral Methods ii. Could be through IUD a. Rhythm or calendar method - or higher dosage of determining female’s most pills. fertile and infertile times by charting the menstrual cycle b. Abstinence or celibacy - avoidance of sexual intercourse c. Outercourse - sexual activity that does not include the insertion of the penis into the vagina d. Withdrawal - the withdrawal of the penis from vagina prior to ejaculation 2. Artificial Contraception a. Hormonal Contraception i. The pill, the patch, and the vaginal ring ii. Contain a small amount of man-made estrogen and progestin hormones kola