UTS CWTS MST.pdf

relationships. The "self" includes a person's life The video ―Who am I (Short Film)‖ was purpose, meaning, and aspirations. awarded ―First Place at the Prize of the Canadian Bureau for Internation...

relationships. The "self" includes a person's life The video ―Who am I (Short Film)‖ was purpose, meaning, and aspirations. awarded ―First Place at the Prize of the Canadian Bureau for International Education Video Contest 2014.* It was filmed at the University of Calgary, Augustine of Hipponesis was an early Canada. The short film depicts each student‘s Christian theologian and philosopher who lived from description of themselves (Before the discussion, approximately 354 AD to 430 AD. He was the bishop of watch the video, ―Who am I (Short Film)‖ Hippo Regius, which is modern - day Algeria. Having adapted Classical thought to create a powerful theological system and having helped lay the foundation for much of medieval and modern Christian Socrates (c. 469 BC – 399 BC) was a teaching, St. Augustine is perhaps the most significant classical Greek philosopher and is one the founders of Christian thinker after St. Paul. He approaches the Western philosophy. He is known chiefly through the theme of humanity with particular tools that include writings of his students Plato and Xenophon, and the experience, reason and language. plays of his contemporary Aristophanes. Socrates is characterized by spent his days walking about the marketplace of the inner self, which is known through the capacity for Athens urging people to question and examine how thought and possession of an intellect. St. Augustine's they were living. (Famous Philosophers, 2013) concept of the self involves the exploration of the soul, Socrates ―Without this work on yourself, life is mind, and consciousness, and the shifting emphasis worthless‖- Socrates (Philosophy & Philosophers - between interiority and exteriority. Thoughts & Quotes from the smartest philosophers, 2019) begins his theory of self – According to Socrates, knowledge from the claim that all our self - knowledge true wisdom is knowing what you do not know. So an is dependent on our experience of the world around us. essential part of knowing yourself must be recognizing For Aquinas, we don‘t encounter ourselves as isolated the limits of your own wisdom and minds or selves, but rather always as agents understanding—knowing what you do genuinely know interacting with our environment (Cory, n.d.). and knowing what you have yet to learn. “We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather always as agents interacting with our environment.” – St. Thomas Aquinas Plato, through the words of Socrates, asserts , we don't encounter ourselves as isolated that societies have a tripartite class structure minds or selves, but rather always as agents corresponding to the appetite, spirit, reason structure of interacting with our environment. Aquinas begins his the individual soul. The appetite, spirit, reason stand for theory of self-knowledge from the claim that all our different parts of the body. The body parts symbolize self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the the castes of society. Plato world around us. “The Essence of knowledge is self-knowledge”- Plato , one of Socrates' students, the beginning of knowledge is self-knowledge.... The "self" is the René Descartes is often credited with being the ―Father essence of a person: his thoughts, feelings and actions, of Modern Philosophy.‖ This title is justified due both to experiences, beliefs, values, principles, and his break with the traditional Scholastic Aristotelian philosophy prevalent at his time and to his concepts are blind” –Immanuel Kant development and promotion of the new, mechanistic sciences Educated by Jesuits in traditional Aristotelian philosophy (Skirry, 2020). He believed that the mind is He considered personal identity or the self) to be the seat of our consciousness. Because it houses our founded on consciousness (viz. memory), and not on drives, intellect, and passions, it gives us our identity the substance of either the soul or the body. and our sense of self. According to him, personal identity (the self) ―depends “I think, therefore I am” “It is not enough to have a good on consciousness, not on substance‖ nor on the soul. talent; the main thing is apply it well.” – Rene Descartes Identify involves ‗sameness at a time‘ or ‗sameness believed that the origin of the self over time‘. (John Locke, an Essay Concerning Human came from the mind. To him, our mind held the Understanding, 2016) essential components of who we are. Within our minds, Identity depends on consciousness not on substance.” we hold our consciousness, our understandings, and –John Locked our feelings. the essence of the self is its conscious awareness of itself as a thinking, reasoning, reflecting identity. But this in no way means that this self is necessarily embedded in a single substance or soul-it David Hume is Scottish philosopher, historian, might very well take up residence in any number of economist, and essayist known especially for his substances or souls. philosophical empiricism and skepticism. He created the Bundle Theory by 18th Century Theory in which an object consists only of a collection (bundle) of Definition of Terms properties. According to bundle theory, an object – ―Anthropology is the science of consists of its properties and nothing more (Cranston, humanity which studies human beings in aspects 2020). Hence, there can‘t be an object without ranging from the biology and evolutionary history of properties nor can one even conceive of such an object. Homo sapiens to the features of society and culture “All knowledge degenerates into probability.” –David that decisively distinguish humans from other animal the self is "that to which our several species.‖ (Rafferty, 2020)) impressions and ideas are supposed to have a – ―Culture is the characteristics and reference... If any impression gives rise to the idea of knowledge of a particular group of people, self, that impression must continue invariably the same encompassing language, religion, cuisine, social habits, through the whole course of our lives, since self is music and arts.‖ (Zimmermann, 2017) supposed to exist after that manner. ―The set of someone's characteristics, such as personality and ability, that are not physical and make that person different from other people.‖ (Cambridge Morality is about respect for persons. Kant wished to Dictionary, 2020) justify a conviction in physics as a body of universal – ―Personality refers to individual truth. The other being to insulate religion, especially a differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling belief in immortality and free will. and behaving.‖ (American Psychological Association, In Kant‘s thought there are two components of the self: n.d.) 1. Inner self 2. Outer self. – ―Responsibility is also the “Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without obligation of an individual to perform the duty or task assigned to him.‖ (Toppr, 2019) introverted) tend to be more reserved and have to – ―Attitude, in social psychology, a cognition, expend energy in social settings. often with some degree of aversion or attraction People who are high in (emotional valence), that reflects the classification and agreeableness tend to be more cooperative while evaluation of objects and events.‖ (The Editors of those low in this trait tend to be more competitive and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2013). sometimes even manipulative. Individuals who are high in this trait Culture, Self, and Personality tend to experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and sadness. Those low in this trait tend to be more The human personality and how it develops has stable and emotionally resilient. stimulated the interest of scholars. Figure 10. Culture, Self, and Personality (Cherry, 2020) According to Cherry (2020), personality is something that people tend to think a lot about. When we meet new people, There are three (3) contrasting views of personality whether through work, school, or social events, it is development: often their personality on which we immediately focus. Theoretical controversial becomes more pronounced underscoring the need for a cross-cultural perspective psychology. As stated in Jules Henry‘s ―Culture against Man,‖ culture plays an inhibitory or repressing role. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a There are the 5 basic dimensions of great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality, called as the ―The Big Five‖ (The Big Five personality (Sigmund Freud, 2018). Personality Traits, n.d.) As an example, anxiety originating from The following are the 5 basic dimensions of traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from personality, called as the “The Big Five” (The Big Five consciousness, and may cause problems during Personality Traits, n.d.): adulthood. (Sigmund Freud, 2018). People who are high in this trait tend to be more adventurous and creative. People low in this trait are often much more traditional and may struggle According to Bronislaw Malinowski, culture with abstract thinking. provides various channels for self realization. Highly conscientious people Malinowski was one of the most colorful and tend to be organized and mindful of details. They plan charismatic social scientists of the twentieth century; a ahead, think about how their behavior affects others, Founding Father Of British Social Anthropology and are mindful of deadlines. (Psych final, n.d.) While between the two world wars, his quasi-mythical status people who are low in this trait tend to dislike structure has fascinated his disciplinary descendants who and schedules, procrastinate important tasks, and fail continue to measure themselves against his to complete the things they are supposed to do. achievements (Young, 2014 ). People who are high in extraversion are outgoing and tend to gain energy in social Personality is mostly learned, represents the situations. People who are low in extraversion (or history of feedback from interacting with the world (Culture and Self, n.d.). The role of culture is to reduce these internal attributes are less salient in anxiety. Culturally based routines enable predictable consciousness, just as we don‘t automatically define patterns or behavior which in turn keep anxiety low. ourselves in terms of our relationships. (Social Culture provides structure and meaning in our lives Perception and Social Cognition, n.d.) (Culture and Personality - UTSA, 2020). Cognitive consistency can be defined as the concept that individuals have a preference for their thoughts, beliefs, knowledges, opinions, attitudes, and intents to be congruent, which is to say that they don‘t contradict each other. (Cognitive Consistency, 2020) Our sense of self is at the core of our being, and consciously and unconsciously, influences our every thought, action, and feeling. Independent and Interdependent Selves Independent Construal of Self To maintain the independence of the individual as a separate, self-contained entity. Focused on personal, internal attributes individual ability, intelligence, personality traits, goals or preference suppressing them in public and confirming them in private. While Several studies have supported the notion that with an i personality traits are relatively stable over time, they People in different cultures have strikingly different can and often do gradually change across the life span construals of the self, of others, and of the (Sussex Publishers, LLC). interdependence of the 2. These construals can Self-construal refers to the way in which a person influence, and in many cases determine, the very thinks about and defines the self. Importantly, nature of individual experience, including cognition, self-construal is not only a way of viewing oneself but emotion, and motivation. (Markus & Kitayama, n.d.) also a way of understanding one‘s relationship to the larger social wor (Independent Self-Construals, n.d.) Self-construal serves as a cognitive template for Interdependent Construal of Self interpreting behaviors of others as well. To fit in and maintain the interdependence among Those with independent selves assume other people individuals. The self is unbounded, flexible, and are the same, while interdependent selves assume the contingent on context. The most salient self is defined opposite. in relationships. The study of Wei, MIao, Cai, & Adler (2012) For example, a woman may have very different examined the effect of self-construal and personal qualities when at work than when she is at co-consumption others on consumer complaining home with her children Social Perception and Social behavior following a service failure. Based on an Cognition, n.d.). All of this does not mean that people experimental study with a sample of 202 in a restaurant with an interdependent construal of self have no context, MANCOVA results revealed significant effects knowledge of their personal attributes that are unique of self-construal on voice response and switching to themselves and independent of context. Rather, behavior. The results also showed a significant interaction effect of self-construal and the presence of independence or interdependence. co-consumption others on switching behavior. The findings shed light into the intrapersonal and interpersonal dynamics at work when consumers react to service failure (Wei, et. al., 2012), It is an interaction between two or more people. It is the way in which two or more people, talk Independent Construal – excellence linked to to, behave and deal with each other. individual‘s tendency to push himself or herself ahead Who are involved in a Family Relationship? and see individual success. (Giacomin M., 2017) (We Have Kids, n.d.) Interdependent Construal – excellence sought to Parents Siblings achieve broader social goals. Motivated by collective or Grandparents Aunts and Uncles group achievement. Cousins Others? Giacomin (2017) defines Interdependent and The self and Family independent self construals refer to different cognitive What is your role/responsibility in your family? representations of the self that people may hold. Those How would you describe it? with an independent self-construal view internal How do you think it came about? attributes, ndependent self, internal attributes are most What life experiences have helped to shape it? salient and less salient for interdependent selves.such as traits, abilities, values, and attitudes as central to their sense of self. Those with an interdependent self-construal, in contrast, view their close relationships, social roles, and group memberships as central to their sense of self (Giacomin M., 2017). t A collection of psychological processes by which individuals reinforce or enhance their self-esteem Social Connotation of Emotion (Positive and Responsibility, Trust, and Freedom Negative) ―Being responsible builds trust. Socially disengaged emotions tend to Trust gains you more freedom. separate or disengage the self from social relationships What you do with your freedom builds more trust. and to promote the perceived independence of the self If you are trustworthy, you will have more from those relationships. responsibilities.‖ Socially engaged emotions further engage Below is the Responsibility, Trust, and Freedom Cycle: and assimilate the self in the relationship and enhance the perceived interdependence of the self with relevant others. Social Connotation and Indigenous Emotions (Culture-specific emotions) Happiness – most generic, unqualified state of feeling good (relaxed, elated, and calm). People experience this feeling when they have successfully accomplished the cultural task involving either  social animal by nature‖ (Quotable Quote, 2020). He What are Traditions? cannot live without society, if he does so; he is either These are: beast or God. Man has to live in society for his Behaviors and activities you participate in over and existence and welfare. In almost all aspect of his life he over again. feels the need of society (Hossain & Ali, 2014). Traditions can be big or small and are unique to each Biologically and psychologically he compelled to live in family. society. Why are Traditions important? Man Is a Social Animal by Nature (Mondal, 2020) Traditions are important because of the following Necessity Makes Man a Social Animal factors: Man Lives in Society for His Mental and Intellectual Provides a source of identity Development (Mondal, 2020) Strengthens family bonds Offers comfort and security Opportunity to teach values George Herbert Mead, a sociologist from the Chance to pass on cultural heritage late 1800‘s is well known for his theory of the social self, Connects the generations which includes the concepts of the ‗self, ‗me,‘ and ‗I‘ Creates lasting memories (Family Relationships, n.d.) (Quizlet, 2020). According to Mead, three activities develop the self: language, play and games. Mead‘s theory of social set is based on the perspective that the The term ―society‖ means relationships social self emerges from social interactions, such as beings, men, express their nature by creating and re- (Catherine, 2020): creating an organization which guides and controls Observing and interacting with others their behavior in myriad ways (Hossain & Ali, 2014). It Responding to others‘ opinions about oneself exists only where social beings ―behave‖ toward one And internalizing external opinions and internal another in way determined by their recognition of one feelings about oneself another. Society not confined to man (Shah, 2020). Society is an abstract term that connotes the complex of inter- relations that exist between and Freud asserts that the human psyche among the members of the group. Social relationships (personality) is the id, the ego, and the super ego. are not evident, they do not have any concrete from, These elements work together to create complex and hence society is abstract (Hossain & Ali, 2014). human behaviors all developed at different stages in a The Social Life As a human being man cannot live person‘s life. Each component adds its own unique without association. Man‘s life is to enormous extent a contribution to personality though they are physical part group life (Hossain & Ali, 2014). A man society may be of the brain. These three structures are systems that aided by the understanding of say, neurons and interact in ways that have a powerful influence on an synapses, but his quest remains the analysis of social individual. relationships. Social life is the combination of various ―The Psychoanalytic Theory is the personality components such as activities, people and places theory, which is based on the notion that an individual (Hossain & Ali, 2014). gets motivated more by unseen forces that are controlled by the conscious and the rational thought.‖ Aristotle expressed that ―Man is essentially a (Business Jargons, 2016)  and provides the moral standards by which the ego Psychosexual development is a complex operates. The superego's criticisms, prohibitions, and process involving genetic, hormonal, and inhibitions form a person's conscience, and its positive environmental factors and can be further defined by aspirations and ideals represent one's idealized one‘s gender identity, gender role, and sexual self-image, or ―ego ideal. (Brittanica, n.d.) orientation. (Mah, Cha, & Yang, 2017) Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of The mouth of the body through which gratification psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. is secured. It is the infant‘s primary source of During each stage, the person experiences a interaction. psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or Age Range: Birth to 1 Year negative outcome for personality development.‖ Erogenous Zone: Mouth (McLeod, 2018) The child derives the feeling of pleasure or pain from defalcating (expulsive phase). This stage covers the toilet-training period that leads to a sense of Id (Internal Desires) accomplishment and independency. Also called ―internal drives‖ or ―instinctive Age Range: 2 to 3 Years drives.‖ The only component of personality that is Erogenous Zone: Bowel and Bladder Control present from birth. This aspect of personality is entirely Children begin to discover the differences unconscious and includes instinctive and primitive between males and females and become attached to behaviors which are concerned only with achieving parent of the opposite sex. The attraction of a boy to pleasure and self-satisfaction that strives for immediate his mother is called ―Oedipus Complex,‖ while that of a gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. girl to her father is called ―Electra Complex.‖ According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of Age Range: 3 to 6 Years personality, the id is the personality component made Erogenous Zone: Genitals up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy Children develop social skills, values, and basic urges, needs, and desires. (Cherry, 2019) relationship with peers and adults outside of the Ego (Reality) family. Sexual motivation presumably recede in The ego operates based on reality, which importance. strives to satisfy the id‘s desires in realistic and socially Age Range: 10 to 12 Years or 6 to Puberty appropriate ways that gives an individual his/her sense Erogenous Zone: Sexual feelings are inactive of own identity. According to Roundy (2015), ego is the During the final stage of psychosexual psychological component of the personality that is development, the individual develops a strong represented by our conscious decision-making process. interest in the opposite (or same) sex. This stage Super ego (Conscience) begins during puberty but last throughout the rest of a The super ego holds the internalized moral standards personn‘s life. and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society Age Range: Puberty to Deat (our sense of right and wrong). The super ego also Erogenous Zone: Maturing sexual interests provides guidelines for making judgments thus making super ego the critical faculty of the personality. The superego is the ethical component of the personality Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of Early childhood One year to six years of age psychosocial development. During each stage, the Gradual loss of baby fat person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could Girls lose less fat than boys have a positive or negative outcome for personality Rapid growth but not as rapid as infancy development. Quite flexible Muscle development while at play Mid- childhood Six to ten years of age Slower, more constant growth Physical Growth, Development And Maturation Improved coordination and motor functioning Late childhood It is the process of physical maturation resulting an Ten to sixteen years of age increase in size of the body and various organs. It Increased rate of growth occurs by multiplication of cells and an increase in Fat deposition just prior to adolescent growth spurt intracellular substance. 9- 10 years of age in girls It is quantitative changes of the body. 11- 12 years of age in boys Individual difference in maturation It is the process of functional and physiological Development of the reproductive system maturation of the individual. Appearance of secondary sex characteristics It is progressive increase in skill and capacity to Breasts Pubic hair function. Redistribution of body weight It is related to maturation and myelination of the Boys- ↑muscle tissue, ↓body fat nervous system. Girls- slight ↑ body fat It includes psychological, emotional and social Earlier onset of maturation in females may account for changes. It is qualitative aspects. their ability to achieve world- class status across many sports. For example, Tara Lipinski, is the youngest US It is the completion of growth and development within ladies‘ figure skating champion. the organism, the unfolding of an individual’s inherent Adolescence traits or potential. Fourteen to twenty years of age Following puberty Ends with onset of adulthood Infancy Obvious differences in physical growth cease with the Birth to One Year (1) end of adolescence Period of rapid growth Males are usually heavier and taller than females at birth Becomes More Evident. Childhood One year to eleven years Linear shape Consists of: Delicate bone structure Early childhood Little fat Mid –childhood Long limbs relative to the body Late childhood  Well- muscled Body size is positively related to socioeconomic status Little body fat and may be related to nutrition. That is, socioeconomic Broad shoulders status affects: Narrow waist Income (money to spend on food) Education ( knowledge about healthy food) Broad shoulders Rounded appearance Time ( food selection and preparation time) Heavy bone structure Availability( access to stress with healthy food Little bone and muscle definition choices) ❖ Usually individuals are a combination of these body Other factors may contribute to the differences observed in types. growth and developing among individuals, such as: The variability of body types (somatotypes) becomes Lower levels of stress; more evident. Better sleeping patterns; and Regular exercise Exercise and Bone Development Regular exercise tends to increase the diameter and density of bone Environmental factors Affecting Physical Self ▪ Increased strength and durability Factors Affecting Growth and development ▪ Increased length of non- weight bearing bones such Large variation among individuals as the arms A number of factors affect growth and development, ▪ Overuse injuries can be incurred by young children including; who over- train Heredity ▪ Too much strain on a bone during a period of growth ▪ Genetic information that is passed on from generation can lead to ― osteochondritis ‖, or the de- arrangement to generation. of the normal process of bone growth ▪ These genes are also affected by environmental Exercise and composition factors Active children and teenagers show: ▪ For example, malnutrition may prevent an individual ▪ An increase in lean body mass from growing to their maximum potential height ▪ A decrease in percent body fat Nutrition ▪ Muscle hypertrophy with exercise ▪ Adequate nutrients are essential for growth and Exercise and Social Development development Team sports that stress positive interaction and ▪ Carbohydrates and fats are primarily used for energy cooperation facilitate social development in children ▪ Proteins contribute to the growth and repair of body and teens tissues, including muscle Pressure by parents and coaches can hinder the ▪ Vitamins, minerals and water are also essential for development of an active lifestyle and cause stress. various functions and reactions that occur in the body ▪ Undernourishment or malnutrition can delay growth ▪ Undernourishment exists even in countries with abundant food supplies The Human Reproductive System: The Male ▪ Overeating is also a problem in these countries and Reproductive System The male reproductive system can lead to obesity when combined with a sedentary has external and internal parts. lifestyle Most of the male reproductive system is Socioeconomic Status located outside unlike the female reproductive organ.  The male organ that is used during sexual The vas deferens is a solid tube (the size intercourse. It is composed of the root (attached to the of a spaghetti strand), which carries sperm from the lower abdominal structures and pelvic bones), the epididymis to the urethra. visible portion of the shaft, and the glans (the In male anatomy, the ejaculatory cone shaped end). For uncircumcised males, the ducts are paired structures. Each ejaculatory duct is foreskin (prepuce) stretches over the glans penis from created by a union between the vas deferens and the the corona. seminal vesicle duct. It brings sperm into the urethra, The penis contains three cylindrical areas of incorporating prostate secretions and additives the erectile tissue (blood-filled sinuses). The two larger required for sperm function. ones, the cavernosa corpora, lie opposite each other. The urethra has dual male purpose. This Some urethra is surrounded by the third sinus, the channel is the part of the urinary tract that holds urine corpus spongiosum. from the bladder and that portion of the reproductive As blood fills those gaps, the penis becomes system that ejaculates semen through. rigid and erect. The semen which contains the male Situated above the prostate, the reproductive cells or sperm is ejaculated through the seminal vesicles combine with the vas deferens to form end of penis during orgasm. When the penis is erect, the ejaculatory ducts that pass through the prostate. the urethra blocks the flow of urine allowing the semen The prostate and seminal vesicles contain to be ejaculated. sperm-nourishing fluid. Such fluid contains the bulk of The scrotum is the thick-skinned sac semen content, the fluid in which the sperm is released covering the testes and shielding them. The scrotum during the ejaculation process. The substance that also serves as a climate control device for normal comprises a very small volume of the semen comes sperm production because they need to be slightly from the vans deferens. cooler than the body temperature. The cremaster The prostate sits just under the muscles in the scrotum wall relax so that the testes bladder and surrounds the urethra. For young men, may hang farther from the body to cool down or walnut-sized prostate grows with age. The prostate contract to bring the testes closer to the body for gland adds extra fluid to the ejaculation. Fluids from protection or warmth. prostate also help to nourish sperm. Bulbourethral The testes are oval organs which Glands The bulbourethral glands (also known as the measures about 1.5 to 3 inches in length and 20 to 25 Cowper's glands) are a pair of exocrine pea-shaped millimeters in volume. The left testis normally hangs glands located on the sides of the urethra below the down slightly lower than the right one. The tests do prostate gland. It contributes to the final amount of have two main functions: 1. Sperm development (which semen by generating a secretion of lubricating mucus. holds the man's genes) 2. Testosterone development (the main male sex hormone) The epididymis is a single coiled The Female Reproductive System microscopic tube measuring approximately 20 feet (6 External Part The external part of the female meters) in length. The epididymis extracts sperm from reproductive organ has to functions: to protect the the testis and provides the sperm habitat for maturing internal organs and to allow the sperm to enter the and the ability to transfer and fertilize an ovum into the body. female reproductive system. Every testis has one The labia majora ("large lips") encloses epididymis. the other external reproductive organs and covers them. The hair development occurs during puberty on the skin of the labia majora, which also includes sweat and oil-secreting glands. An erogenous zone is a region of the human body that The labia minora ("small lips") may be of has enhanced sensitivity, which stimulates a sexual various shapes and sizes. They lies inside of the response such as relaxation, sexual desires, sexual majora labia, covering the openings to the vagina (the pleasure and orgasm duct that links the lower part of the uterus to the outside is a basic "emotion" in relation to of the body) and urethra (the conduit that brings urine relationships which two people get when they share a from the bladder to the outside). This skin is very fragile, special connection. It is the urge that makes one think and can quickly become irritated and swollen. "I need to see this person again." These glands are situated on Once you are in love, there are a lot of either side next to the vaginal opening and contain a hormones running through your brain and body. secretion of fluid (mucus). Researchers are slowly learning more and more about The two labia minora meet in the clitoris, which the role it plays when we fall in love as well as when we is a thin, responsive protrusion similar to the male are in long-term relationships. Estrogen and penis. The clitoris is protected by a skin fold, called the testosterone naturally play a part in the field of sex prepuce that is like the foreskin at the end of the penis. drive. We could never move into the realm of "true The clitoris, like the penis, is very sensitive to love," without them (Wu, n. d.). stimulation, and may get erect. is motivated by the initial flirting and physical Internal Part Vagina The vagina is a canal that links attraction. This stage can rely on features like the cervix (lower uterus) to the outside of the body. It's symmetrical faces and proportionate body dimensions. also known as the birth canal. Flirting in body language may involve looking into the Uterus (Womb) The uterus is a pear-shaped hollow eyes, touching and mirroring. At this point, the two organ which is the location of a growing fetus. The chemicals which surface are the sex hormones uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the (testosterone and estrogen) and pheromones. lower portion opening up into the vagina, and the Pheromones in the animal world are individual scent uterus' main body, called the corpus. To carry a "prints" found in urine or sweat which determine sexual growing baby the corpus can easily expand. A canal behavior and attract the opposite gender. Scientists at across the cervix allows for the entry of sperm and the Chemical Senses Center in Philadelphia, and their release of menstrual blood. equivalent in France, discovered the presence of Ovaries The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands, on human pheromones in 1986. Such chemicals were either side of the uterus. The ovaries contain the present in human sweat. hormones and the eggs. – Attraction The romantic or passionate Fallopian Tubes They are thin tubes that are love, when things are going well, is characterized by connected to the upper part of the uterus which act as euphoria and horrible mood swings when they are not. routes from the ovaries to the uterus for the ova (egg You can have several physical signs when you fall in cells) to move. A sperm fertilization of an egg usually love: lack of appetite, being unable to sleep, being occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then unable to focus, palm sweat, etc. This is because of the passes into the uterus, where the uterine lining is development of brain chemicals called monoamines. inserted. Dopamine Produced by the hypothalamus, it is a highly well-publicized participant in the reward system of the brain – it's released when we are doing things that make us feel good. Such things in this situation together as if they were the same. That's not always include spending time with loved ones and enjoying the case. sex. Describes a person's sexual It is a natural amphetamine just attraction pattern, whether a person's gender falls in like known drug, which can cause the same effects of love with or wishes to partner with. stimulation. It adds to the on-top-of-the-world feeling There are three types of sexual the desire can offer, and provides you with the ability to orientation namely: monosexual, polysexual and stay up with a new love day and night. asexual. This regulates desires, unruly emotions, Many individuals are drawn obsessive actions and supports the sense of "being in solely to members of only one gender. Labels for control." sexual identity used by people of the same sex include: It's another neurotransmitter that It relates to a man drawn to men. Sometimes it induces euphoria in your brain, which excites the body applies to all people who are attracted to people of the by giving it a natural adrenaline booster dose. This same sex; often termed "homosexual" as well, although causes the heart to beat more quickly, and blood many still see this word as a medical term that should pressure to increase. That is why when you see be removed from general use. someone you're attracted to you, you can experience a A woman attracted to another woman. It is pounding heart or sweaty palms. also termed as ―woman loving woman‖. – Staying Together With a long-term A man who is attracted exclusively to women, partner, there is a sense of peace and security that we or a woman who is attracted exclusively to men; often feel -- a kind of connection that holds couples together. refers to people whose sexuality is normal in society. It Those hormones push this kind of love: is also called heterosexual. It is often referred to as the "cuddle These are people who are chemical". It's the best known hormone for its role in attracted to multiple genders. inducing contractions to trigger labor. But it has been Attracted to both genders and often referred found recently that it can influence our ability to bond as ―bi‖. with others, as both genders release this hormone Attracted to people regardless of gender while touching and cuddling, with the amount of and referred as ―omnisexual‖. oxytocin peaking during orgasm. Similar to pansexual, queer can be an identity This is sometimes called "chemical label which means that a person is drawn to people of monogamy." Researchers have found that vasopressin many genders; however, queer is a multi-faceted term suppression can cause males to leave their nest of love with more than one meaning and use, some people and seek out new mates. consider it offensive. These are biochemical substances that These are people who do not strengthen our immune system, block blood vessel experience sexual attraction. lesions, have anti-aging, anti-stress and pain relieving Not sexually drawn to someone and/or effects and also help boost memory. behaving attractively towards others. Needless to mention, does not mean sexless. Sometimes asexual people experience an affective (romantic) attraction. It describes a gender-based pattern for a person's sexual attractions. Physical desire and sexual interest are frequently mixed We recognize the ability of each person to judge who they are for themselves, and express themselves in a chance. It is a bacterial infection caused by the called way that is most authentic to their soul. We respect the Haemophilus Ducreyi streptobacillus. The infection diversity of truths within our culture. (Glossary of causes painful genital sores, and is only spread by LGBT+ and Gender Terms, n. d.) sexual contact. It is multifaceted and dynamic. Several distinct This is transmitted through sexual facets of ourselves get lumped together in North activity. Pets do not play any part in the transmission of American culture when we talk about "ger der" human lice. The lice sticks to the pubic hair, and can Characteristics such as anatomy and sometimes be found in the armpits, moustache, beard, chromosomes and are usually assigned at birth and eyelashes, and eyebrows. They‘re feeding on human provide details as to whether an individual is male or blood. The common term "crabs" derives from the lice's female. crab-like appearance. The inner sense of an individual being is a herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can a man, a woman, neither of these two, and so on — it is cause sores, buttocks, and thighs, on your genital or one's inner sense of being, and one's own rectal region. You can get it from having sex with understanding of how one relates to the binary gender. someone who has it through vaginal, anal or oral. Even Except for a gender person, who often lacks an inner when sores are absent, the virus can spread. Moms sense of gender, most people have a gender identity. may also be able to infect their babies during How a person manifests conception. masculinity, femininity, by appearance, behavior, dress, It is caused by Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and speech patterns, preferences, and more. is transmitted through the semen, blood and other body fluids of an infected person. It can be acquired on the following: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections Unprotected sex transmitted from an infected person to an uninfected Use of unsterilized syringe person through social contact. It can be caused by Infected breast milk bacteria, virus or parasites. Awareness is needed in Bitten by infected Hepatitis B order for us not to be infected by these diseases. It is a sexually transmitted disease Proper information dissemination is the key (NIAID, that is caused by a parasite called Trichonomas 2015). According to Medlineplus, (2018), the following vaginalis. This disease may affect both sexes. Yet are the diseases treated as STDs: Chlamydia women are most likely to have symptoms. Vagina and is a viral disease that is transmitted by sex. urethra are the most prevalent source of infection. It is caused by bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis, it Transmission happens through sexual intercourse, or can affect men and women alike. Women may vulva-to-vulva contact. experience chlamydia in the cervix, rectum or throat HIV stands for human immunodeficiency while men in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or virus. This virus destroys the white blood cells that fight throat. Chlamydia can occur with someone who has the infection that puts you at risk for extreme infections and infection during vaginal, oral or anal sex. During certain cancers. AIDS stands for acquired childbirth a woman can transfer chlamydia to her baby immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final stage of HIV as well. If a person is not treated for chlamydia, it can infection. Not all HIV patients develop AIDS. Scabies is lead to pelvic pain, painful sexual intercourse and a skin infestation that is caused by a mite called the inter-period bleeding. Sarcoptes scabies. These microscopic mites if is also known as molle ulcus and soft untreated can live for months on your skin. They reproduce on the skin layer and then burrow in it, laying device (IUD), etc. (Casey, 2020). eggs. This results in an itchy, red rash developing on Surgical Sterilization This is a type of artificial method the skin. Close body contact and sexual intercourse are wherein the female undergo a surgery called tubal the ways to transmit it. ligation and the male undergo vasectomy. These is a bacteria-caused, sexually transmitted surgery procedures helped to prevent the egg cells and disease. This infects both male and female genital sperm cells to unite (ACOG, 2020) region, skin, mouth, and anus. Typically you develop syphilis by having sexual intercourse with someone who has it. During pregnancy it can also pass from mother to infant. Natural Method Abstinence Abstinence from penetrative sex offers 100 percent pregnancy protection and offers prevention of sexually transmitted infections (Hirsch, n.d.). Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus The family planning withdrawal process is unlike other approaches, since it is controlled by male. After the discovery that orgasm in the vagina leads to conception, withdrawal was used for generations; this approach avoids conception by preventing contact between the sperm and the egg (RelayHealth, 2014). Calendar Methods – based on calculations of cycle length In the calendar rhythm system, a woman calculates the days she is fertile based on past the duration of her menstrual cycle. She does this with the understanding that the duration of her current cycle, and thus the time of her fertile period, does not differ significantly from previous menstrual cycles (HealthEngine, 2009). Artificial Methods Barrier Method It is an artificial method that uses barriers to prevent the sperm from reaching the egg cell. Examples of this are the male and female condoms, contraceptives sponges, diaphragms, etc. (ACOG, 2020). Hormonal Method This is a method wherein a hormonal contraceptive is present. These contraceptives help in the birth control. Examples of this are the vaginal ring, birth control patch, intrauterine  and training to tertiary level students in order to motivate, train, organize, and mobilize them for The National Service Training Program national defense preparedness. (NSTP) of the Philippines was promulgated through the virtue of Republic Act No. 9163 in December 2001 and was enacted in January2002 to amend the expanded Reserve Officer‘s Training Corps (ROTC) Program. Male and female students enrolled in any , otherwise known as ―An Act baccalaureate degree course or at least two-year Establishing the National Service Training Program technical vocational courses in public and private (NSTP) for Tertiary Level Students, Amending for the educational institutions are covered by the NSTP Law. Purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential They shall complete one NSTP component of their Decree No. 1706, and for Other Purposes‖, is also choice as a requirement for graduation. referred to as theNational ServiceService Training The following are exempted from taking the NSTP: Program (NSTP) Act of 2001‖ (Villasoto, Villasoto, already finished NSTP from a Rodil, and Ahunin, 2013). prior degree completed; The is a program that aims to inculcate already taken civic consciousness and defense preparedness in the NSTP prior to shifting or transferring; youth sector by promoting sense of service and Foreign students; and nationalism among students as they undergo training in enrolled in the Philippine Military Academy any of its three (3) program components. (PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine Academy (PMMA), are especially developed to Philippine National Police Academy (PNPA), and other enhance the youth‘s active participation in State Universities and Colleges (SUCs) of similar nation-building and contribution to the general welfare nature. of Filipinos (As stated in the Republic Act No. 9163) Each of the aforementioned program components shall refers to be taken within two (2) semesters of an academic the program component that provides activities period. The allotted time for NSTP classes is 54 to 90 contributory to the general welfare and the betterment hours each semester. The whole NSTP program is of life for the members of the community or the credited for six (6) units; three units per semester. enhancement of its facilities, especially those NSTP 1 shall be taken prior to NSTP 2 (Gasilla-dela developed to improving health, education, environment, Cruz, 2005). entrepreneurship, safety, recreation, and moral of the citizenry. refers to the program component designed to train students to teach After completing CWTS and LTS, graduates of these literacy and numeracy skills to school children, NSTP components shall belong to the National Service out-of-school-youths (OSY), and other segments of Reserve Corps or NSRC. The NSRC is an organization society in need of their services. created under Section 11 of RA 9163 composed of the refers to graduates of the non-ROTC components –the CWTS the program component established under Sections 38 and the LTS (Agas, de Leon, and Ricafrente, 2019). and 39 of R.A. 7077 that provides military education The State may tap themembers of this Corps for literacy and civic welfare activities (e.g., in times of business. calamities) through the joint efforts of the Department – involves extension of of National Defense (DND), Commission on Higher medical-related information and health services to the Education (CHED), and Technical Education and Skills community, such as in first-aid operations, vaccination, Development Authority(TESDA), in coordination with health/nutrition technical assistance, and the likes. the Department of Interior and Local Governance – involves programs on environmental (DILG) and Department of Social Welfare and awareness and contribution to health and related fields Development (DSWD) (―National Service that support the community needs. TrainingProgram Act of 2001‖, 2002). On the other Before conducting any of these aforementioned hand, graduates of the ROTC program shall belong to activities, students should perform the Citizen Armed Force (CAF). community needs assessment survey in the chosen community in order to identify the issues or gaps that should be addressed. CWTS Dimensions of Development The seven dimensions of development in NSTP-CWTS, with an acronym SERVICE, are as follows (Rivera, 2014; National Service Training Program Act of 2001, 1. Love for God 2002; and Agas, de Leon, and Ricafrente, 2018.): 2. Human dignity involves disaster 3. Discipline, truth, goodness, and social responsibility preparedness during fire, earthquake, and other 4. Awareness, innovation, and creativity calamities that need immediate response from trained 5. Respect, synergy, and professionalism individuals in light of emergencies. Examples of 6. Excellence and indigenous learning activities under this area are basic lifesaving 7. Protection and conservation of the environment seminar and fire drill. 8. Quality service delivery – involves enhancement of institutional support materials and facilities for the community and school such as providing materials containing basic literacy skills for preschoolers, alterative learning (Adapted from the Implementing Rules and system for out-of-school youth and adults, mathematics Regulations of Republic Act No. 8491) and science tutorials and extended services of skilled Republic Act 8491 or ―An Act Prescribing the Code of students. the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, Coat-of-Arms, and – involves activities that enrich youth‘s Other Heraldic Items and Devices of the Philippines‖ is capacities to relate with one another in the community, known as the ―Flag and Heraldic Code of the such as sports fest and parlor games. Philippines‖. – involves Section 2. Declaration of Policy and the development of youth to begood leaders, Objectives states that ―It is the policy of theState to responsible individuals with good moral values, and prescribe the Code of the National Flag, Anthem, Motto, active agents of development of the community. Coat-of-Arms and other Heraldic Items and Devices of involves the Philippines; [and] ensure the promotion and programs and activities that are vital toeconomic implementation of its corresponding rules and growth, such as honing of technical skills in meat regulations‖. It also states that ―reverence and respect processing,silkscreen making, and establishing small shall be accorded to the flag, anthem, and other national symbols which embody the national ideals and days); traditions and which express the principles of It shall also be raised at half-mast during calamities, sovereignty and national solidarity‖. disasters, or tragedies of national and international significance. Throughout the year, it is hoisted in The Design of the National Flag half-mast position in all memorial cemeteries in the The National Flag shall be , , and red with an country dedicated to war veterans. When flown at eight-rayed sun and three stars that are half-mast, the National Flag shall be first hoisted to the five-pointed. peak for a moment, then lowered to half-mast position. Hoisting and Display of the National Flag shall be displayed in all public The National Flag may be used to cover the buildings, official residences, public plazas, and caskets of the dead honored men (military, war institutions of learning everyday throughout the year. veterans, National artists, and other civilians) who the blue field should be on top. In rendered noble service to the nation. time of war, the red field should be on top. No object must be put on top of it aside from religious should be replaced objects. This denotes that God is above country. immediately when it starts to show signs of wear and Pledge of Allegiance to the National Flag tear. It should be solemnly buried to avoid misuse and As stated in Section 29, the Pledge of Allegiance to the desecration. National Flag shall be recitedafter singing the national be raised at sunrise and lowered at sunset. anthem with the right hand open and shoulder raised it shall not be raised. high. If already raised, it shall not be lowered for the whole day. The National anthem must be sung with fervor in the of the flag pole, national language within or outside the country. ground, or any object beneath it. Whether played or sung, it shall be in accordance with , it shall be handled and folded the musical arrangement and composition of Julian solemnly. Felipe, and its original Filipino lyrics and marchtempo. Half-Mast It shall not be played nor sung for mere recreation or The National Flag shall be flown at half-mast as a mark entertainment. However, it is played during the ―signing of respect and mourning for the death of any of the on‖ and ―signing off‖ of television and radio stations, following officials: before the initial and last screening of films, and before President or former President (10 days); the opening of theater performances. Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the President of the Senate and the Section 45 states that the Philippine National Motto Speaker of the House of Representatives (7 days); shall be: ―Maka-Diyos, makatao, makakakalikasan, at Secretaries, Associate Justices of the makabansa‖ (For God, people, nature, and country). Supreme Court, Members of the Senate and House of Representatives, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces The Coat of Arms of the Philippines or the Sagisag ng of the Philippines and the Director-General of the Pilipinas features the three five-pointed stars Philippine National Police (5 days); representing the three major island groups (i.e., Luzon, Heads of National Government Agencies, Visayas, and Mindanao), and the eight-rayed sun of the including Government Owned and Control Philippines symbolizing the provinces (i.e., Manila, Corporations and Government Financial Institutions (3 Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, and Batangas) that were placed under Martial behaviors, attitudes, choices, styles, biases, Law by Spaniards during the Philippine Revolution. As personalities, characteristics, and so on. It also refers a symbol of the State, the eagle and the lion were to having a clear perception of oneself, including included to denote the two historical phases of the strengths, weaknesses, beliefs, thoughts, motivation, country – American and Spanish occupation. and emotions. It serves as the foundation for emotional intelligence, mature adulthood, and self- leadership The Great Seal shall be in circular form, containing the By becoming more aware of oneself, we become descriptions of the coat-of-arms, without the scroll. The more aware of others. As we know more about inscription ―Republika ng Pilipinas‖ is placed on a ourselves, we navigate our relationships and how we double marginal circle that surrounds the whole seal. connect with others better. Appearing on the lower part of the seal is the national By knowing who we are, we also see our impact on motto. others. Moreover, we understand the similarities and differences between ourselves and others. Failure or refusal to observe, and violation of the Self-awareness results in empathy, which is abovementioned rules and provisions shall be technically referred to as “other-awareness‖. These penalized as specified in R.A no. 8491. Violators shall two concepts are considered the two main pillars or be punished by a fine of not less than P5,000.00 but key elements of emotional intelligence (Handel, 2017). not more than P20,000.00, and/or by imprisonment for is the ability of a person to not more than a year. identify and manage emotions of oneself and others, as one also influences the emotions of others. It is an important quality of a leader or a person who has a (Lifted from the 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the heart for community service. Philippines) Thus, this chapter is anchored on the idea that in order 1. It shall be the duty of the citizen to be loyal to the to be aware of the same things on others, we need to Republic and to honor the Philippine flag, to defend the understand the components of the self and how these State and contribute to its development and welfare, to components are developed. uphold the Constitution and obey the laws, and to cooperate with the duly constituted authorities in the attainment and preservation of a just and orderly society. 1. Rational This characteristic of humans distinguishes 2. The rights of the individual impose upon him the them from other creatures. A rational being has the correlative duty to exercise themresponsibly and with ability to think, understand, and reason. S/he can due regard for the rights of others. distinguish between right and wrong because of his/her 3. It shall be the duty of every citizen to engage in intellect. gainful work to assure himself and his family a life 2. Free Every person is born free. S/he is free to act worthy of human dignity. based on his/her will. S/he has the choice to do or not 4. It shall be the obligation of every citizen qualified to to do a specific action. However, this freedom entails vote to register and cast his vote. responsibility for his/her own decision. One has the right to do whatever s/he wants without causing harm to others. 3. Unique Each person is different. No two individuals Self-awareness means being aware of one‘s own have the same identity. Humans mayhave similarities in physical features, but they differ in perception, needs up to the self- actualization level (Schermerhorn experiences, behavior, attitude, values, and priorities in et al., 2012). life. 4. Social Being Humans are naturally social beings. Listed below are the levels of the Hierarchy of They regularly interact with its kind and its environment, Needs Five-Stage Model in order to survive and achieve a goal. Interaction is - biological and basic necessities for also crucial to personal development. human survival, such as air, food, water, shelter, 5. Sexual All living creatures are sexual in nature, but a clothing, sleep, warmth, and reproduction. human‘s expression of his/her sexuality distinguishes it the needs for security and protection. This from other living things. The expression of human also refers to the sense of order, predictability, and emotions, attitudes, actions, thoughts, and sexual control of a person in his/her life. Safety needs can be activity makes them unique. addressed by the other members of the society (e.g., police, schools, business, and medical care). - the Personality traits are enduring characteristics of feeling of belongingness of a person. This involves the humans that reflect their thoughts, feelings, and need of creating interpersonal relationships and can be behavior (Schermerhorn et al., 2012). The Big Five fulfilled by being part of a social group (e.g., family, Model of the Five-Factor friends, team, work, etc.). Model is considered the most widely accepted Can be classified into two categories: personality theory. Listed below are the five core 1) esteem for oneself, and factors of the ―Big Five‖, with an acronym of OCEAN: 2) desire for reputation or respect from others. – routinary and Self-esteem can be satisfied through achievement, practical vs. imaginative, curious, and spontaneous mastery, confidence or independence. On the other – impulsive and hand, esteem that a person gets from other people can disorganized vs. careful, disciplined, and responsible be fulfilled through recognition, attention, and prestige. – reserved vs. assertive, the highest level of needs, as it fun-loving, outgoing, and sociable includes the desire to reach the peak of human – suspicious and potential or to be what a person wants to be. uncooperative vs. helpful, good-natured, and trusting – , a person should first fulfill anxious and pessimistic vs. calm, unworried, secure, the needs on the first level up to the highest level. This and relaxed process is continued throughout a person‘s lifespan. He also proposed that fulfillment of each layer of needs is important in personality development In order to further understand a person‘s perception, Figure 1. Abraham Maslow‘s Hierarchy of Needs behavior, and relationship or treatment towards other (McLeod, 2020) people, we can examine his/her inner feelings, self-image, andmotivation. identifies the levels of Aelius Galenus’ four personality types are choleric, individual needs that affect human motivation and sanguine, phlegmatic, and melancholic. This theory of personality. This theory also states that people achieve the four temperaments dates back to an Ancient Greek their full potential by taking steps in achieving the basic medical theory that is based on the four bodily humors (i.e., blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm). A years) person with choleric personality type is thought to have This stage focuses on developing a greater sense of dominating yellow bile, thus quick-tempered. Sanguine will or personal control over physical skills. The child in personality type has dominating blood, thus reacting this stage begins to show their independence and buoyant or cheerful. Phlegmatic personality type has autonomy as they become more mobile, more dominating phlegm, thus behaving sluggishly. physically developed, and assertive of their choices Melancholic personality type has dominating black bile, (e.g., what to wear and eat). If children in this stage are thus acting despondent (Vorkapic, 2011) supported in their independence, there is a tendency that they will grow more confident and secure in their Table 1. Galen‘s Four Personality TypesPersonality own ability. Types Characteristics Stage 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years) Shows greater anger, strength, aggression, In this stage, the child interacts with other children at passion and productivity school or in his immediate environment by playing. Stubborn, opinionated, domineering Thus, s/he is provided with the opportunity to explore Exhibits extroversion, greater optimism, their interpersonal skills. Given this opportunity to cheerfulness, positivity, and mindfulness interact with others, the child develops a sense of Vanity, self-complacency, impulsive initiative and security to lead others and make his/her Displays less state anxiety, depression, own decisions. However, when a child is squelched carefulness, methodic and composed personality, through criticism or control, s/he will develop a sense of slow-moving and self-bettering attitude guilt and may slow down the development of his Has inclination to easiness, eating, and drinking interpersonal skills and creativity. Has a contemplative or reflective Stage 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years) personality, often considered a great benefactor to his This stage occurs during the early school years, fellow men,prayerful; wherein social interactions of the child take place with Experiences high state of anxiety and sensitivity his/her classmates and teachers. These peer groups will be considered the source of the child‘s self-esteem, as s/he feels the need to win their approval. Success in this stage results in a sense of competence, confidence, Erik Erikson listed the eight stages of psychosocial and industriousness when they are encouraged in their development that result in a healthy personality and initiatives. Failure in this stage occurs when they are acquisition of virtues once each stage is successfully being restricted in their initiative, thus resulting in a completed. Failure in completing a stage might lead to feeling of inferiority and restraint in reaching their a reduced ability to step up to the next stage and potential. development of unhealthy personality. Stage 5. Identity vs. Confusion (12-18 years) Stage 1. Trust versus Mistrust (birth to 18 months) Development of personal identity is vital in this The infant is uncertain about the world s/he is born to. adolescent stage wherein a person undergoes the S/he looks towards their primary caregiver for care and transition from childhood to adulthood. Feeling of stability. Consistent care to the infant will result in discomfort about body changes also occurs in this thedevelopment of sense of trust. Inconsistency, stage until a person adapts to it. During this period, a unreliability, and unpredictability will result inthe person explores possibilities and begins to establish development of mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety. their own identity. Failure to form his/her identity might Stage 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2 to 3 result in role confusion in their place in the society or identity crisis. Success in this stage will lead to the choices and decisions in life that have corresponding virtue of fidelity or the ability to commit to others on the good or evil consequences. As spiritual beings, basis of accepting them despite ideological differences. humans cultivate a sense of faith among them. As Stage 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (19-40 years) social beings, humans develop a sense of social In this stage, people start to create more intimate responsibility and allow themselves to participate in the relationships with others, aside from family members, activities within their community in pursuit of the towards longer-term commitments. Avoidance of well-being of his/her fellowmen. As economic beings, building intimate relationship and fear of commitment humans realize their obligations to achieve economic might result in isolation and loneliness. On the other efficiency that will benefit themselves and other hand, success in this stage will lead to the virtue of members of the community. As political beings, love. humans recognize their responsibility in loving their Stage 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65 years) country and fellowmen, and maintaining good Generativity means making your own mark in the governance in their state. society that you belong to. It will beachieved by creating positive change that benefits other people. Success in this stage leads to feeling of The Johari Window was created in 1950 by American accomplishment and usefulness. Failure will lead to psychologists Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham. It is also becoming stagnant and unproductive. called disclosure/feedback model of self-awareness. This psychological tool helps people improve their Stage 8. Integrity vs. Despair (65 years-death) self-awareness and understand their relationship with Contemplation on one‘s life occurs in this stage. People others (Saxena, 2015). look back on the events oftheir lives and examine their Johari Window has four regions: Open Self, Blind Self, achievements. A person who feels proud of his/her Hidden Self, and Unknown Self. The Open Self or achievements after reflecting on his/her life will Arena is composed of the information about yourself experience satisfaction. On the other hand, a person that you and other people know. The Blind Self or Blind who regrets of having wasted opportunities that Spot refers to the information about yourself that you resulted in not achieving his/her set goals will are unaware of, but other people know. The Hidden experience the feeling of bitterness and despair. Self or Façade refers to the information about yourself known to you but unknown to others, such as your secrets. The Unknown Self is composed of the information that are unknown to you and to others There are seven dimensions of a human person. The physical, intellectual, moral, and spiritual dimensions pertain to the self. On the other hand, the social, economic, and political dimensions pertain to the community. Each dimension has its corresponding values. The physical being of humans refers to their physical health in harmony with nature. As intellectual beings, humans are described of having the ability to think and continuouslysearch for truth and knowledge. As moral beings, humans are mindful about their  Knowledge on self-talk helps a person This level is the first self-talk level that is beneficial to become motivated, productive, and more confident in a person. A person recognizes the need to change and life. A person with those qualities can influence the decides to do something about it. When speaking in people around him/her in a positive manner. Self-talk is Level III Self-Talk, phrases like ―I never...‖ or ―I no defined as ―a way to override our negative longer‖ are used. For example, ―I no longer have a programming by erasing or replacing it with conscious, problem dealing with my workmates‖. You state the positive, new directions‖ (p. 72). decision in present tense as if thechange has already Through reprogramming our thoughts with taken place. Your subconscious mind will believe your effective words and statements, we paint a new picture statement as it receives the new direction. It will also of ourselves based on what we want ourselves to be. create a new picture of you in your brain and convince We give ourselves the chance to start to become better you to do what you have said. and different from our old self. Our subconscious Level 4. Better you listens to us, and believe and perform what we direct it This level has been used the least, yet considered to do. Thus, learning the Self-Talk that will help us to the most effective kind and most needed kind of live efficiently is important. Written below are the five self-talk. It is referred to as the positive Self-Talk, different levels of self-talk: opposite of Level I. In this level, a person is ―painting a Level 1. Negative Acceptance completed new picture of [himself/herself], the way This level is considered the lowest, disadvantageous, [s/he] wanted to be, handing it to [his/her] and most harmful, yet most frequently used level of subconscious, and saying ‗This is the me that I want self-talk. It occurs when a person says something bad you to create! When speaking in Level IV Self-talk, or negative about himself/herself and s/he accepts the begin with the phrase ―I am‖, such as in ―I am thought. When expressed, it represents our fears and enthusiastic and very much capable of doing this. doubts in ourselves that result in questioning our own Nothing can stop me now.‖ A person now deals with capabilities. This level is mostly characterized by the struggles and challenges in a new, productive, and phrases ―I can‘t‖, ―I wish I could, but I can‘t‖, ―if only I self-activating way. could‖, and the likes. Level 5. Universal affirmation Level 2. Recognition and need to change Being the highest level, it is the Self-Talk level of In this level, a person tells to himself/herself and other ―oneness with God‖ and the language for seekers of people of his/her need to change. The problem is something greater than earth-bound demands. It is recognized, but no solution is created. Level II Self-Talk characterized by the words ―It is...‖, such as in ―I am statements unconsciously end with an unspoken and one with the universe and it is one with me‖. implicit level 1 statement of negative self-talk. It is characterized by the phrases ―I need to...‖, ―I ought to...‖, or ―I should...‖ For example, ―I‘d like things to work out better...but they won‘t‖. This level creates guilt, Article IV Section I of the Philippine Constitution states disappointment, and acceptance of our self-imagined that the citizens of the Philippines are: inadequacies. Just like the first level, it works against 1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time the person. In order to counter this, the moment you of the adoption of this Constitution; begin your statement in Level II Self-Talk, finish the 2. Those whose father or mothers are citizens of the sentence with positive thoughts and say it out loud to Philippines; direct it to your subconscious mind. 3. Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino Level 3. Decision to change mother, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and of faith is vital in becoming a good citizen. 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. A good Filipino understands the value of human life and human dignity. As it is believed that humans and our lives came from God, these gifts are considered “We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid sacred, precious, and valuable; thus, the need for it to of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane be preserved and safeguarded. People should be society and establish a Government that shall embody responsible in taking care of themselves, and uphold our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, their human rights and dignity. They should protect one conserve and develop our patrimony, andsecure to another, and not inflict harm to themselves and to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of others in any manner. independence and democracy under the rule of law A good Filipino applies orderliness in his/her and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, thoughts, emotions, and actions. By being orderly, one and peace, do ordain and promulgate this will develop other values of order such as prudence, Constitution.‖ temperance, discipline, humility, diligence, patience, and resilience. Living by the virtue of orderliness does not only benefit the person, but also the community, as there will be peace and unity and peace among them. Becoming good citizens can be met by living in accordance with the good citizenship values of A good Filipino values diligence and aims to Filipinos presented in the preamble. These Filipino achieve excellence in everything that s/he does. Every values have been categorized into the four clusters: Filipino should put value in honest hard work, as it is pagkamaka-Diyos, pagkamakatao, pagkamakabayan, considered a key to national progress. Knowing that at pagkamaka- kalikasan. our abilities are God-given, we offer quality work that helps in improving the quality of life of the people we serve and indirectly affect, more than we benefit ourselves. Through this, we become productive members of the society. Strong families build a strong nation. A good Filipino works on strengthening their family ties by love, understanding and mutual respect among its members, looks after the welfare of each member, and helps in preserving and nurturing our environment for the A good Filipino who believes in God obeys Him and benefit of the future generations. His/her thoughts and follows His teachings. Philippines is known to be the actions are anchored to his/her desire of giving what is only Christian nation in Asia, wherein the majority of the best for his/her family in the present and future Filipino citizens (80.6%) are followers of the Roman generation. Catholic Church (Bueza, 2015). The Constitution fosters the value of putting God first and making Him F. Love A good Filipino hopes for the well-being of the center of our lives, as He is deemed as the source his/her fellowmen. The virtue of love is associated with of our strength and provider of our needs. Living a life positive attributes of patience, kindness, selflessness, forgiveness, truthfulness, protection, trustworthiness, hinder the equal opportunity to live a purpose-driven hope, perseverance, generosity, and respect among life. others. If love is given to one another, harmonious M. Respect for Law and Governance A good Filipino relationship among people will prevail. abides by the law and helps in maintaining order in the G. Freedom A good Filipino asserts his/her rights, country. S/he also supports government programs that especially if it is for what is right. Freedom is the power benefit the citizens and help address social concerns. to act or not to act in accordance to the person‘s will N. Patriotism A good Filipino expresses his/her and decision. However, it should always be practiced devotion for the country. S/he is loyal to the country, with the virtue of responsibility. and takes pride in its accomplishments. H. Peace A good Filipino ensures a safe, harmonious, O. Promotion of the Common Good A good Filipino and secure environment for himself/herself and his/her takes part in activities or programs that help in fellowmen. The value of peace should be promoted improving the quality of life in the community. S/he also inside our homes, in our workplace, in our community, believes that everyone should be given equal and in the country as a whole. opportunities to meet their needs and fulfill their I. Truth A good Filipino expresses his/her strong moral potential. S/he considers the welfare of the common principles by standing up for the good than his/her personal aspirations. truth even if s/he is a minority. As a witness, s/he is willing to testify to tell the truth. S/he also keeps A good Filipino is a himself/herself well-informed about certain social and steward of the environment. S/he respects, protects, national issues, and demand for transparency from the and conserves our natural resources and other administration or the government. creations. S/he uses the natural resources wisely and J. Justice A good Filipino supports giving proper participates in environmental conservation programs. punishment to people who are guilty of crimes and fair S/he also stays vigilant of any violations that concern treatment to everyone regardless of social class, age, the