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Jewel’s NOTES -Reason controls emotions & appetites -We may act like animals at times, but only TOPIC 1. PHILOSOPHICAL because we are not using reason to control...

Jewel’s NOTES -Reason controls emotions & appetites -We may act like animals at times, but only TOPIC 1. PHILOSOPHICAL because we are not using reason to control the other parts of our being PERSPECTIVE OF SELF -Humans alone are capable of living according to reason. The Essentialist Model/Avocado View An avocado -pear-shaped tropical fruit Socrates -yellowish flesh -a single large seed at the center "... the soul is in the very likeness of the The seed at the center contains all the divine, and immortal, and intellectual, and essential information about what makes an uniform, and indissoluble, and avocado an avocado. unchangeable" (Phaedo) Our bodies belong to the physical realm- they change, imperfect and die. Our SOULS belong to the ideal realm - Metaphor and comparison unchanging and immortal, surviving the death of the body Understanding the Self "Know thyself" The self is your main companion in living in this world. 1. The Judaic and Christian Traditions Who you are, who you want to be, who -Humans are made in the image and society wants you to be, and who you can likeness of God be are some of the ideas we will explore. -Animals may have instincts and intelligence but they are not made in God's likeness Philosophy -We are self-conscious Philia - love -We have the capacity to love Sophia - wisdom -We have fleshy outward appearance but It employs the inquisitive mind to inside we share the divine nature discover the ultimate causes, reasons, and principles of a 2. The Greek Rationalist Tradition everything. -Reason is at the core of our being The philosophical framework for -Our reasoning ability sets us apart from understanding the self was heavily other terrestrial beings  Jewel’s NOTES explored by ancient Greek possession, and wealth keep us from philosophers Socrates and Plato. attaining wisdom. (Soul Searching) Socrates Goodness or beauty is the most important He suggests to "know thyself." of all. What is self and the qualities that A person can have a meaningful and define it? happy life only if he becomes virtuous and Philosophers agree that knows the value of himself that can be self-knowledge is a prerequisite to a achieved through constant soul-searching. happy and meaningful life. The Socratic method, the so-called "An unexamined life is not introspection, is a method of carefully worth-living" examining our thoughts and emotion-to gain The self is synonymous with the self-knowledge. soul (psyche). The soul is immortal. He believed Plato that every human possessed an immortal soul. Human life does not end at one's Almost same as Socrates death. The self consists of three (3) parts: He explained that death is the reason departure of the soul for the eternal spirit or passion world. physical appetite. Dichotomous Reason is the divine essence that enables Physical Realm is changeable, transient, us to think deeply, make wise choices, and and imperfect. The body belongs to the achieve a true understanding of eternal physical realm. truths. Ideal Realm is unchanging, eternal, and spirit or passion includes basic emotions immortal. The soul belongs to the ideal such as love, anger, ambition, realm. aggressiveness, and empathy. The physical appetite includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and Socrates - How To Be Human sexual desire. The first thinker to focus on the full power Plato - Conflict of the Self of reason on the human self, who we are, who we should be, and who we will become. The elements of ourselves are in a The soul strives for wisdom and perfection, dynamic relationship with one another, and reason is the soul's tool to achieve an sometimes in conflict. exalted state of life. When conflict occurs, Plato believes that it Our preoccupation with bodily needs such is the responsibility of our Reason to sort as food, drink, sex, pleasure, material things out and exert control, restoring a harmonious relationship among the three elements of ourselves.  Jewel’s NOTES Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their Reason is Existentialism in control of their Spirits and Appetites. - emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice - views that humans define their own meaning in life - views that man is able to make rational decisions despite his existence in an 1 Oriental Philosophy irrational universe - Hinduism and atman Mitchell indicates that pluralism (diversity - Buddhism and anatman of views) is important to modern thinking. - Taoism It fits with the notion of no moral absolutes We have no fixed essence as human The Protean View beings Named after Proteus - the shape shifter of Greek mythology (green tree, a blind man, We live in the moment and create our own blinding fire) depending on the situation selves moment by moment demanding him to change forms As we choose our path, we are accountable for our choices Like an artichoke or cabbage, as the layers are removed, one finds there is no central Mitchell summarizes it as "You create a core, this view agrees that we are nothing self for yourself." but layers and finds this reasonable and "I Am the master of my fate; I am the healthy captain of my soul." (From "Invictus" by William Ernest Henley - 19th cen) Life has no inherent meaning - no core to give purpose or direction. You can be anything you want to be. But you have no one to blame but yourself (Mitchell 134). You are the master of your fate. WESTERN EASTERN THOUGHTS THOUGHTS The Protean View (Artichoke view) Conducts Raises questions This idea says that humans are many scientific about the Ultimate layers that function at various times in life investigations to Meaning of Human Life is such that we need to be able to understand the self Life. and developed They have react in many different ways theories and developed theories This is consistent with the idea that there difference among of self as they have are no moral absolutes or certain truth them. investigated what it  Jewel’s NOTES In Buddhism there is no self (or soul). Emphasizes the means to be human importance of being There is only nothing and all else is an scientific methods illusion. of investigation to Emphasis is Believe that nothing is permanent, but provide satisfactory relational rather change. answers to than individual. Advocates the impermanence of understanding the Their theories are everything self. highly practical. Offer variety of "anatman" - the idea that there is no The Western techniques for permanent, separate, individual, ego-self culture is an cultivating a deeper individualistic understanding of We are a collection of various elements culture since their the self called 'skandhas" temporarily united focus is on the form, person. feeling / sensation, Most the philosophers fall perception, under impulse/volition, Wester thoughts. consciousness "anicca", Literally means impermanence. EASTERN Everything in life is always changing, that Eastern thoughts concept of the self is nothing lasts forever. related to their religion. The ideal is to experience Nirvana, a state Buddhism of transcendence devoid of self-reference. Hinduism Nirvana is heaven, where there is perfect Confucianism peace and happiness. Taoism This can be achieved through Meditation. BUDDHISM HINDUISM Comes from the root word "budh" meaning The oldest religion in the world. awake. Thople Known as Arans. Siddharta Gautama known as "buddha" is Law of Karma is the most important the founder of Buddhism. doctrine in Hinduism. All have the seed of enlightenment - potential to become Buddha however it has There is a core within each of us to be nurtured. The "atman" - in Hinduism, the Self or soul, which endures successive 5 parts that compose an individual. reincarnation (reborn in another body). Matter/Form When we die, we actually continue in Sensation/Feeling many forms. Perception Hindus believe that "Atman" being an Mental Constructs/Impulse/Volition immortal continues to be reincarnated from Consciousness lifetime to lifetime until it is freed from the  Jewel’s NOTES cycle of rebirth and reaches a state of Tao is commonly regarded as a nature that nirvana or non-birth. is the foundation of all that exists. "Karma" does not end with a body's death; "Tao" - the way or the path; it is indefinable its influence may extend through incarnation Taoism - living in harmony with the Tao of the soul. People are made of five elements "Karma" - the spiritual principle of cause (Mitchell, 138f) and effect where intent and actions of an As long as these elements are in harmony, individual (cause) influence the future of that we are healthy individual (effect). Ch'i flows through us (rather than blood). This is the energy of the life force. CONFUCIANISM Acupuncture tries to eliminate any obstructions of the ch'i flowing through us A philosophy and belief system from Ancient China. Conscious living in accordance with your Is regarded as social and ethical true nature, with nature itself, balancing philosophy not as religion. your desires and needs, finding peace and "Do not do to others what you would not strength in yourself and harmony with your want others to do to you," - The Golden environment. Rule Confucius Tao is indefinable, each person can discover the Tao on their own terms Important feature of Confucian thought is the individual's greatest mission of attaining Here & now: how to live a pleasant life, self-realization wherein self-cultivation is without unnecessary commotion or distress instrumental. Taoism is to simply accept oneself, live life Self-cultivation could be accomplished by and discover who you are. knowing one's role in the society and acting accordingly. The perfect man has no self, and the selfless person leads to a balanced life, in Based on Confucian thoughts, moral harmony with nature. character is perfected through continuously There should be unity and harmony taking every opportunity to improve oneself among opposing elements: the Yin and in thought and action. Yang TAOISM An ancient tradition of philosophy and religious belief attributed to Lao Tzu Believes that the self is an extension of the cosmos, not of social relationships. Describe the self as one of the limitless forms of the Tao.  Jewel’s NOTES deals with political and economic organization TOPIC 2. ANTHROPOLOGICAL law and conflict resolution PERSPECTIVE OF SELF patterns of consumption and exchange kinship and family structure gender relations childbearing and socialization ANTHROPOLOGY religion, mythology, and magic symbols Is the holistic "science of man", a science and language of totality of human existence. It offers a family and social systems holistic appreciation of human nature and the arts the cultural description of the existence of secret societies (and all other forms of man from one time to another for survival. cultural behavior It comes from the Greek word Anthropos which means human and logos which mean study. Deals cultural and biological similarities and variations. a complex whole which includes Study human populations in all periods of knowledge, belief, art, morals law, custom, time, all parts of the world and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. - 2 general subdivisions: Edward Taylor the customary ways of thinking, feeling 1. Physical Anthropology and behaving and which they transmit from 2. Cultural Anthropology one generation to another. CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY the branch of anthropology dealing with the WAYS BY WHICH CULTURE IS origins, history, and development of human LEARNED OR ACQUIRED culture, and including in its scope the fields of archaeology, ethnology, ethnography, and 1. Imitation - human action by which one linguistics tends to duplicate more or less exactly the behavior of others. English anthropologist, the founder of 2. Indoctrination - takes place in the form of cultural anthropology.- Edward Burnett formal teaching or training which may take Tylor place anywhere. 3. Conditioning -the individual acquires certain patterns of beliefs, values, behaviors or actions further reinforced by system of reward and punishment 4. Acculturation - process by which societies of different cultures are modified through uses intensive field investigations fairly close and long continued contact  Jewel’s NOTES 5. Amalgamation - intermarriage of persons 2. IDEAS, BELIEFS, VALUES coming from different cultural groups, Ideas resulting into some kind of biological fusion - are non-material aspects of culture and embody man's conception of physical, social and cultural world. COMPONENTS OF CULTURE Beliefs - refer to a person's conviction about a A. MATERIAL CULTURE certain idea. - artifacts, tools, objects made from tools - it embodies people's perception of reality. B. NON-MATERIAL CULTURE Values 1. NORMS - abstract concepts of what is important or a. Folkways worthwhile. -are specific social norms that define and - closely interrelated with norms guide behavior in society. - are informal rules and norms that, while a. Norms are specific, concrete and not offensive to violate, are expected to be situational followed b. Values are general and often serve - are culturally-defined norms of etiquette as a measure to judge norms that are not very serious if broken. 3. SYMBOLS- Language prefers to the wide range of differences in cultural patterns, ideas, beliefs, knowledge, forms of social organization and practical b. Mores (sing. mos) responses to the environment -Taboos are negative mores. are social norms that are widely observed within a particular society or culture. Mores Factors that Promote Cultural Diversity determine what is considered morally Environment acceptable or unacceptable within any given Isolation culture. Technology - are moral norms, meaning they have an Cultural themes element of right or wrong. Diffusion Some examples of mores include lying, stealing, gossiping, bullying, and Approaches in Analyzing Culture trespassing It involves understanding its major values c. Laws and norms, seeing how these are reflected Sanctions - reward or punishment in social behavior, and perhaps studying the Social Control - applying sanctions in order way in which the values and norms shape to encourage conformity to social norms and are shaped by the material culture.  Jewel’s NOTES 3. Culture of Corruption APPROACHES IN CULTURAL refers to the established patterns of illegally ANALYSIS amassing wealth and obtaining power or concessions in the government or private 1. Functionalist Approach office uses a particular trait as existing because it serves as an important social function. 4. Culture of Silence / Sabotage Cultural trait- simplest unit or element of refers to the individual or group attitude to culture. keep silent as a resigned response to Culture complex- is a system of authority or deliberate action aimed at interrelated traits that function together as a weakening a polity or corporation through unit. subversion, obstruction, disruption or Culture pattern- is a specific and enduring destruction system of trait complexes. 5. Pop Culture 2. Ideological Approach refers to popular ways, practices, and This approach tries to find out which groups interest of contemporary society support which ideas, values, and so on, and for what reasons. 6. Culture of Apathy refers to the prevalent inaction, indifference, ideology- when idea, value, norm, or other lack of emotion and interest of the people in culture trait works to the advantage of one regard to the issues and concerns which group for any reason. need attention and resolution. 3. Ecological Approach 7. Culture of Conspicuous Consumption compares the social structure of different refers to the ways and practices of the societies that have the same level of super rich in buying goods and obtaining hunting technology. -Julian Steward (1955) services in excess of what they can actually consume and use. Ecology- the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment. 8. Culture of Exploitation and Cultural ecology- culture traits are shaped Dehumanization by the resources and limitations of the refers to the socially entrenched patterns of surrounding environment and by the abusive and exploitative practices by the changes in that environment. moneyed and power - wielding members of the society against the culturally deprived Symbolic Uses of Culture and materially disadvantaged group of the society. 1. Culture of Poverty refers to the learned ways of life of the poor, a vicious cycle of deprivation and want IS EMBEDDED IN CULTURE transmitted from one generation to the next 2. Culture of Opulence refers to the ways of life of the rich and the famous in their world of glitz and glamor  Jewel’s NOTES TOPIC 3. Psychological 1. Using Concrete/Observable Descriptions Perspective Examples : I can count/ABCs I live in a big house Definition of Terms (Santrock, 2014): 2. Physical Descriptions Examples: I Have brown hair The SELF - consists of all the she has black hair characteristics of a person. I'm tall IDENTITY -refers to who a person is, 3. Unrealistic Positive Over - representing a synthesis and integration estimations Of personal attributes of self-understanding. PERSONALITY- refers to the enduring This is so because Young personal characteristics of individuals; children... encompasses the Self and one's Identity a. Have difficulty in differentiating their Self-understanding- is the cognitive desired and actual competence representation of the Self, the substance b. Cannot yet generate an ideal self that of self-conceptions is distinguished from a real self c. Rarely engaged in Social Comparison e.g., l am a 13 year-old student, a boy, a (ego centrism) football player, a family member, a video d. Have the inability to recognize that game lover, and a movie fan they possess opposite attributes based in part on roles and group membership (Harter, 2012;2013) provides underpinnings for the Older Children start to... development of identity a. Describe themselves using Traits Example: popular Self-understanding is characterized nice by: (Harter, 2006; 2012; 2013) helpful smart  Jewel’s NOTES dumb multiple roles in different relationship contexts b. Use Social Descriptions - friends - happy references to social groups family - moody/angrier work - quiet & cautious Example: 4. The fluctuating Self - the adolescent self Catholic continues to be characterized by instability Girl Scout until the adolescent constructs a more unified theory of self. c. Engage in Social Comparison - thinking what they can do in comparison 5. Real and Ideal Selves: with others. Possible self - includes what they might become, what they are afraid of becoming (e.g.. Mooney Problem Checklist results). Critical Thinking Question: In what way will social comparison help in the development of children? d. Distinguish between Real & Ideal Selves - differentiating their actual 6. Self-integration - achieved in late competencies from those they aspire to adolescence or emerging adulthood, which have results in a grated sense of identity. e. More Realistic- because of EARLY, MIDDLE, OLDER increased social comparison and ADOLESCENCE perspective-taking Early adolescents do not mind Ideal You vs. Real You inconsistencies Example: with friends (outspoken) vs. parents (quiet) Middle adolescents want internal consistency in their self- theories (Epstein): Adolescent self undeserving is Example: A girl talking about romantic characterized by: relationships: "I hate the fact that I get so nervous! I wish I wasn't so inhibited. The 1. Abstract and Idealistic Thinking (e.g., real me is talkative, I just want to be natural, I'm sensitive, I am indecisive) but I can't." - 2. Self-consciousness 3. Contradictions within the Self - Older adolescents can integrate (if they differentiating their concept of the self into cannot, the self is overly fragmented (Erikson's "Identity diffusion").  Jewel’s NOTES Example: You can be shy on a date and outgoing with friends, because you are just different with different people, you can't 1. Importance of Self awareness always be the same person and probably becomes important developmental shouldn't be." task in adulthood (e.g. awareness of strengths and weaknesses) 2. Possible selves James Marcia's Theory on Identity Status YOUNG, MIDDLE, OLDER ADULT Describes a person's position in the Young Adults: What they would like to development of an Identity (Kroger, become, oftentimes unrealistic at first Martinussen, & Marcia, 2010) 18-21 to mid 30's Canadian Developmental People are in physical peak, and Psychologist usually in good health Ability to have children is greatest Two (2) Dimensions of the Identity most people complete their Status: education 1. Exploration - refers to a person begin a career or take a full-time job investigating various options for a many people also marry and start a career and for personal valves. family 2. Commitment - involves making a decision about which identity path to Middle aged follow, and making a personal begins in the mid-30s and continues investment in attaining that identity. until the mid-60s signs of aging/hair turns gray/ skin develops wrinkles health problems arises people mostly achieve career goals children grow up and started to leave home Possible selves in terms of areas in which they already have performed le g, Being good at my work, Having a good marriage), trying to attain hoped for selves Older Adults begins in the mid-6os and continues until death Concerned with maintaining what they have and preventing/avoiding  Jewel’s NOTES health problems and dependency one's conception of oneself or of (Smith, 2009); one's role Life Review (Thinking About the Past? Regrets? ➔ Positive self-concept not physically able(arthritis/ tends to act, feel and think constructively Alzheimer's disease) and optimistically. (positive side) I am not what happened to me, I am what I Example choose to become. I am a beautiful/pretty boy. C.G Jung I am confident. I am smart and sociable Psychological Theory ➔ Negative self-concept The Real Self & Ideal Self tends to behave, think and act with pessimism. Carl Rogers proposed that to be a They do not believe in their ability to fully-functioning person, one must do things or carry out certain task experience genuineness (authenticity), (negative side) empathy and unconditional positive regard. Example l am lazy In his Person-Centered Theory of I am irresponsible Personality (derived from a Client Centered I am not likable approach to counseling), he defined I am not good enough. concepts such as congruence (versus lam a failure incongruence) which is dependent upon the person's experience of his / her real self Ideal Self and ideal self. This is the kind of person whom we would like to be It is dynamic and forever changing It is an idealized version of yourself created out of what you have learned from your life experiences, the demands of society, and what you admire in your role models. Real Self It is the self that feels most true to what and who we really are It refers to how we think, feel, and look Self-Concept The underlying organismic self: the way you think about yourself and What a person is capable of your abilities or appearance becoming if they lived in an ideal  Jewel’s NOTES world. An individual would have lived in an environment of unconditional positive regard. CONGRUENCE Ideal Self is closer to real self INCONGRUENCE Feelings not aligned with our actions