All History Mid-Term Info PDF

First 2 permanent colonies in North America -- Santa Fe (New Mexico) and St. Augustine (Florida) Spanish Colonies Renaissance -- People started inventing and practicing the different arts Marco Polo -- Discovered/opened up routes from Europe to the Orient Italy -- Goods come from Orient, becom...

First 2 permanent colonies in North America -- Santa Fe (New Mexico) and St. Augustine (Florida) Spanish Colonies Renaissance -- People started inventing and practicing the different arts Marco Polo -- Discovered/opened up routes from Europe to the Orient Italy -- Goods come from Orient, becomes a massive trade state, Venice and Milano = trade cities Phoenicians -- First in the Eastern Mediterranean to push the goods from the Silk Road out and into other civilizations Prince Henry the Navigator -- Establishes Nav. School, makes better boats, wants to find a better route to the orient Caravel -- New Portuguese boat, smaller, faster, more maneuverable, and had triangle sails allowing them to catch wind from all directions (Revolutionary sails) and over time made bigger ones Portugal starts colonizing in Africa and develop a major trade with Africa, namely in Guinea (Gold, salt, slaves) Horn of Africa -- "Cape of Good Hope" Explored around the Horn or tip of Africa and found a route to the Orient and started loading ships and sending them back and selling the goods Columbus -- Went to Spain and got ships, sailed to what he thought would be the Orient, but discovers the Caribbean, notably El Salvador (Dom. Rep., and Hati) Caribbean -- Great place for growing sugar, need laborers, natives do not want to covert and don't want to work, Portugal sends African slaves to the Caribbean Americas = Rich in Fish, Lumber, and Pelts Spain -- Very wealthy already, hearing stories from the natives in the Caribbean of extremely wealthy civilizations in the Americas (Aztecs, Incans, Mayans) Spain goes and conquers them because the diseases brought over destroyed the populations of the civilizations Mercantilism -- An economic system that places the "Mother Country" as the center of the economic system Navy -- Spain sent a massive Navy to defend the new land they discovered Spanish Armada -- Large naval fleet sent to England to eliminate them from being a competitor, but England got a lead from Portugal and built better ships, these ships and help from a storm destroyed the Spanish Armada, and that eliminated the protection in the Western Hemisphere Northwest Passage -- Everyone looking for a passage through the Northern part of the Americas to get to the Orient Panel 3 French Role in N.A. -- Explored East Coast, St. Lowrance Seaway (NE + N. NY) and established the 1st 2 permanent French Settlements, Port Royal/Quebec (Port Royal on Nova scotia = Island) Jacques Marquette, Lois Joliet, La Salle -- Explored east + established trade posts from Quebec to New Orleans on the Mississippi River Found lots of natural resources, (lumber, beaver, fish, etc.) Tributaries -- Found lots of beaver pelts (Tributaries -- Small rivers or bodies of water that flow into a bigger body of water) Treated Natives with respect because they had the power to take out the French, and they controlled the money source the French wanted Panel 4 English came to the Americas and established 2 settlements in North America (Jamestown and Plymouth) English force the Dutch to give up their colonies because they have no navy and the English does By 1620 made huge steps along controlling the coastline Ports are very important and have a huge impact on England's success Started producing Tobacco and it becomes wildly successful Puritans -- wanted to establish a colony north of where the Dutch were, aka Plymouth Mayflower -- Ship that Puritans used to sail up north past the Dutch and settled in Plymouth Mayflower Compact -- The first democratic document in the New World Unit 2 Panel 1: England + France Contest the Continent Competition for land + NATURAL RESOURCES - Sought Wealth What impacted the growth + expansion of colonies in America? 1. Geography a. Fast moving rivers b. Farmland Differences (Rocky/fertile) c. Mountain Ranges d. Ports 2. Economy a. Climate b. Fishing c. Cash crops i. Tobacco ii. Sugar iii. Rice 3. Conflicts a. Native Am b. Bacons Rebellion (Virginia) 4. By 1733 all 13 English Colonies were Established a. New England i. New Hampshire ii. Massachusetts iii. Rhode Island iv. Connecticut b. Mid Atlantic i. New York ii. Delaware iii. New Jersey iv. Pennsylvania c. South i. Virginia ii. Maryland iii. North Carolina iv. South Carolina v. Georgia Panel 2: 1700-1750 1. English Population Explode in British colonies (American) a. Increase of women + children b. Reason = oppression vs. opportunity c. Colonies becoming unique compared to "Mother Country" d. Diverse population from i. East Russia (Nw Pacific) ii. Scotland iii. Ireland iv. Various Countries (Europe) v. Forced African Slaves Push/Pull Theory -- Oppression VS. Opportunity Panel 3: Mid 1600's -- Mid 1700's Demand for African Slaves in Southern regions grow: Example: - 1700-25,000 Af. Slaves in English North Am. - 1760 -- 250,000 (Mostly in Md., Vir., N + S Carolina + Georgia) Slave Codes -- put in place because of the worry of revolt a. African slaves would remain in servitude for life b. Children of slaves would themselves be slaves forever Panel 4: Southern Agrarian Economy Agrarian - Agricultural 1. Tobacco Economy (MD., Vir., N.C.) 2. Rice Production (S.C., Georgia) (Both dependent on Af. Slaves -- immune to heat/malaria 3. Led to cash crop economy 4. Social Classes a. Dominant class = laborers i. Indentured servants (4-5 Years) b. small number of wealthy landowners c. By 1750: growing class of artisans + cottage industry 5. Huge number of Af. Slaves in South Panel 5: Northern Economy Industrial 1. Industrial Economy a. Produces good for sale b. Allows for individuals to make a WAGE c. Allows for technological improvements 2. 1700's to 1850 a. The desire to succeed impacted the Northern industrial growth due to: i. Free Labor ii. Wage iii. Population iv. Market Demand v. Geography vi. Major Port Panel 6: Major Colonial Ports in Colonial America 1. Boston 2. New York 3. Baltimore 4. Norfolk 5. Wilmington 6. Charleston 7. Savanah 8. New Orleans Need to know words/phrases: Snake -- Symbolized unity in the Colonies Benjamin Franklin -- Borrowed/designed the snake as a way to rally and unite the people of the colonies together in the fight against the French and in the Revolution Panel 1: Revolution ◊ Independence G. B. is in debt G. G. ◊ Tax Colonists: Sugar/Stamp, Tax/Act, 1765 Boston = Heart of the Sugar Tax/Stamp Tax American Colonists ◊ Petition G. G. Boycott by Colonists of British Goods Great Britain ◊ Repeals (Stamp Act) Colonists still upset "Taxation without Representation" Townsend Acts: 1767 Glass/Lead/Paint/TEA Quartering Act: End smuggling trade in Boston Panel 2: G. B. sends more troops to colonies (NY/NE) to stop uprisings. (1768) Quartering Act is a huge issue for American Colonists In Boston: British troops + citizens do not get along (Boston Massacre) All colonies now Boycott British Goods Townsend Act Repealed (Except Tea) Boycott on Tea continues Panel 3: In Boston ◊ Civil Disobedience (Non-violent action, not obeying laws) Boston residents have a Town MTG. at South Church ◊ Leads to: Boston Tea Party -- Boston Harbor Sons of Liberty G. B. goes nut over this and passes the: Intolerable Acts: Boston Harbor is closed No Town MTG. allowed (1 year) Public officials chosen by Colonial Governor... Not citizens of Boston Trials favor British/French Catholics allowed in Ohio Valley Panel 4: Fall 1774 In Philadelphia PA. First Continental Congress is Held All Colonies but Georgia show up Important Decisions made at this Meeting Continue to Boycott British Goods Establish a Colonial Militia in each colony No American Exports go to G. B. Congress would meet in 1775 (Next Year) Panel 5: G. B. sends more troops to Boston to maintain order British Commander in Boston, scouts out city to find illegal arms Writs of Assistance -- Search Warrants British commander sends troops to Concord Mass. to destroy Arms Paul Revere Battle of Lexington -- Concord American Militia Surround Boston Panel 6: May 1775 -- Second Continental Congress All 13 colonies George Washington chosen as commander of Colonial Army Appeals go out to G. B. to try to mend differences Washington goes to Boston to meet/train the troops Battle of Bunker Hill Ethan Allen: Fort Ticonderoga Paul Revere devised a plan with a church, "1 if by land, 2 if by sea." One lantern in church tower if soldiers coming by land, and two lanterns if they come by the sea, on boats Petition -- Document Signatures Influence Lawmaker Boycott -- Protest Stop purchasing a service Refuse to buy goods Townsend Acts -- Taxes on Goods Glass/Lead/Paint/TEA Led to Protests Black Market -- Organized crime Composed of trades Selling of goods illegally Smuggling -- The importing of goods illegally Big part of Black Market Writs of Assistance -- Search Warrant Boston Massacre -- Massachusetts/Boston Between British Troops and American Colonists Mob attacks soldiers Five colonists killed Boston Tea Party -- Three Ships Sons of Liberty Two Million \$ Intolerable Acts -- Closed Boston Harbor First Continental Congress -- Philadelphia Twelve of Thirteen Colonies (No Georgia) First time Colonies came together Olive Branch Petition: Last ditch effort to try for an amicable relationship with Britian; Peace, Noah's Ark Battle of Lexington Concord -- Massachusetts First Battle of Revolutionary War Armory in Concord Standoff in Lexington British lost 75-80 men Militia -- Citizen Army Minute Men (Ready in a "Minute\" for Battle) Patriots -- Wanted to fight against Britian Loyalists -- Wanted to stay connected to Britian Colonial Assembly -- Representative body in each colony Ex. Congress, Parliament Boston Tea Party Ships -- Beaver Dartmouth Eleanor Panel 1: After: Lex-Concord/Ticonderoga/Bunker Hill 2nd Continental Congress meet - GW chosen as commander of American forces - Congress prints money to pay for war efforts. Wax effort. (A bust!) - Native Am. + some slaves, loyalists = side w/ G.B. - G.B. hires mercenaries - G.B. establishes staging areas on east coast of Canada + on St. Lawerence Seaway o Montreal/Quebec Panel 2; Phase 1 -- Rev. War: GW + troops force G.B. from Boston - New England is focus of G.B. - Benedict Arnold w/ Am. - Troops fail to take Q + M - G.B. est. forts in O + Miss. Valley - In N.C. uprising by militia against coastal Loyalists is put down - G.B. sees the need to expand the war - G.B. establishes NY City as colonial staging area Panel 3; Phase 2 -- Rev War: New York Region is focus of G.B. - G.B. ◊ experienced Army/Navy - GW ◊ No Navy -- Inexperienced Army - Battle of Manhattan is a loss for America - GW forced to retreat to Penn. - G.B. offers America a chance to surrender - GW has no money to pay troops or supply his Army. - Congress is no help - 1776 Christmas Eve (Crosses the Delaware River) - GW attacks Princeton -- Wins - G.B. changes War Strategy -- Separate N.E. from all other colonies Panel 4; Phase 2 continued: G.B. moves troops South to Saratoga NY G.B. moves troops North to... changes his plan, goes to Philly - American Army defeats G.B. at Saratoga - Vt + West NY Native Americans are no longer allies w/ G.B. (Considered enemies of Americans) Due to the win at Saratoga (G.B. offers to end war) So: French commits Navy + Army Neth. + Sp. Give more aid + recognize America as a country War now turns international, G.B. must spread its resources worldwide Panel 5; Phase 3 -- Rev War: South Region G.B. moves Army South after Saratoga Feel Loyalist + slaves will join fight G.B. negatives: - Lack of supply chain - Did not know region well - Depended on loyalists - Guerrilla warfare used by Patriots - Francis Marion + others use hit turn tactics (No open battle) G.B. positives: Capture + control parts of: - Wilmington - Charleston - Savanah G.B. army under Charles Cornwallis are not doing well, need supplies, get little support + this retreat to Yorktown Va. but are cut off French Battleships -- Siege Am. + French Troops -- Siege 1783 Treaty of Paris ends War Extra Terms: Hessians -- German Mercenaries (Most mercenaries were Hessians) Infantry -- Foot Solders Cavalry -- Infantry, but on horses Artillery -- Infantry, but with cannons Francis Marion -- Used the lay of the land to his advantage while fighting the British, used specialized tactics of Guerrilla warfare to effectively halt the British Blockade -- Used by French at York Town, and British at Boston Harbor Treaty of Paris Declaration of Independence Native Americans and Loyalists Siege Battle of Manhattan Battle of Trenton/Princeton New York City Staging Area Saratoga Montreal Yorktown Cavalry Artillery Infantry Guerilla Warfare Mercenary Hessians Second Continental Congress Philadelphia Delegate Legislative Body Benedict Arnold Charles Cornwallis George Washington Francis Marion Thomas Jefferson Nova scotia Quebec Southern Ports: o Norfolk o Wilmington o Charleston o Savannah Panel 1: Articles of Confederation Rev. War ends New National Borders Congress has 1 branch (Leg.) Articles of Confederation (Plan of Gov.) 1 delegate from each State has power/NOT Fed Congress No National Army Congress could not tax No real national currency (State \$) 9 of 13 states to pass a law National Congress could not enforce laws it made (states) Panel 2: US Constitution Land Ordinance Acts -- 1785 + 1787 Land West of App. Mts. Federal Gov. now owned new land = expansion - Grid system 6x6 1 mile size blocks = 36 Township = 36 sq m. N.W Territory -- South to Ohio River West to Mississippi River and North to Canada Future States: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinoi, and Wisconsin 5000 Adult males inhabit lands Fed Gov. ◊ governor, secretary of states, 3 judges, elect a legs. Rep. 60,000 ◊ could request to be state Panel 3: Problems w/Art. Of. Conf. \*13 -- different Currencies \*13 -- "tax systems/laws" Spain controlled New Orleans and Mississippi River Access to western farmers Great Britain maintained troops in the N.W. Territory America was NOT allowed to trade w/British Islands in Caribbean = Depressed Economy Debt Impacts America -- Fear of British/Spanish/French interest in recolonizing America Former soldiers losing farms to the Government Panel 4: Shay's Rebellion Massachusetts farmers Revolt Daniel Shay -- former Patriot captain loses farm to taxes -- Revolts against Government Mass. Militia must put down Revolt. (Armory/Springfield) No National Army to do so -- Neighbor Vs. Neighbor Congress sees that Art. Of Conf. is not working -- Last Straw Panel 5: Constitutional Convention Philadelphia 1787 (summer) 55 delegates 12 states no Rhode Island George Washington is the leader of this Convention -- Decided almost immediately not to Amend Art. Of Conf., but to create a New Plan of Gov. Some attenders: Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Panel 6: Weak Central Gov. demanded a new Plan Virginia Vs. NJ Plans Virginia -- Favored Large Populated State -- Add Executive/Judicial -- 2 house leg. B. H of R + Senate -- Rep. based on pop. NJ Favored small, populated states Compromise ◊ Roger Sherman (cr.) 2 house Congress -- Hose of Reps. and Senate Lower House = Based on Population Today 1/700,000 people Upper House = 2 from each state Senate = 2 from each state -- 6yrs House of Representatives = Based on population -- 2yrs Panel 7: Slavery Debate 3/5 Compromise = South -- Count slaves; North -- Can't vote, can't count them Deal breaker for South, they threatened not to sign the Const. 5 Slave = 3 members of population South ◊ economy challenges: slave trade compromise North ◊ 20 years: could still be imported -- After 1808 = No more What to do? Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists Federalists = Federalists Papers -- Madison/Jefferson/John Jay/ Hamilton: Strong Central Gov. Anti-Federalists = Keep Articles of Confederation: Add Bill of Rights Panel 8: Final Push for U.S. Constitution 1st State = Delaware 9th = N.H. Const. Passes Other states joined after the Bill of Rights was added 10 Amendments Today: 27 Amendment To amend: 2/3 of both Houses and 2/3 of State Legislatives To ratify: ¾ of all states Executive -- President; Vice President; Cabinet; Treasury; State Judicial -- Chief Justices; 6 Ass. Justices Legislative -- 65 in 1788; 535 Today New Colony Boundaries: Western -- Mississippi River Eastern -- Atlantic Ocean Northern -- Canada Southern -- North Florida Terms to Know: Edmond Randolf -- Proposed new plan of Gov. (Virginia Plan) Bi-Cameral -- Two house branch of Gov. Quid Pro Quo -- A favor or advantage granted or expected in return for something Acquiesce -- To accept something reluctantly, but without protest Articles of Confederation 1st Gov. Plan Used for 10 Years Land Ordinance Acts Bought new land from the states Implemented a grid system on the new land Made boundaries for the land Sold and populated the land Used money to pay off debt Constitutional Convention Met in Philly to revise the Articles of Confederation Decided to make a new plan of Government called the U.S. Constitution Virginia Plan (James Maddison, Edmond Randolf); New Jersey Plan (William Patterson) Bi-Cameral: 2 House: Uni-Cameral: 1 House Legislative Branch Bi-Cameral Senate and House of Reps. Senate: 2 per states (2 yrs) House of Reps: Based on Population (6 yrs) Both have unlimited terms Federalists Favored Constitution Favored strong Federal Gov. Anti-Federalists Favored weaker Federal Gov. Favored strong State Gov. Added Bill of Rights to Constitution NW Ordinance States Wisconsin Ohio Indiana Illinois Michigan Charles Montesquieu Separation of Powers John Locke Natural Rights Panel 1: George Washington as President First and only President to be unanimously voted in to Office Democratic -- Republic Party Census 1929 "permanent apportionment act" Inauguration Judicial Review Literal Interpretation of the Constitution Flexible Interpretation of the Constitution Neutrality Isolationism Precedent Impressment Panel 2: Branches of the National Government Executive: President (4 yrs) ◊ V.P. (4 yrs): Job = To make sure laws are carried out/enforced Legislative: HOR (2 yrs) ◊ Senate (6 yrs) Both re-elected forever: Job = Make + Amend Laws Judicial: Chief Justice ◊ Associate Justices: Job = Make sure laws are within Constitutional Boundaries Justices: Appt. by President o Approved by Senate Retire/Die Washingtons First Cabinet: Henry Knox: Secretary of War Thomas Jefferson: Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton: Secretary of Treasury John Jay: Chief Justice o Edmond Randolf: Attorney General Panel 3: Issues that impacted the U.S. Economy Debt Alexander Hamilton Vs. Thomas Jefferson Create a national Bank Yes No Is constitutional NOT Constitutional Flexible Interpret. Literal Interpretation Federalist: Anti-Federalist: Get Country out of debt No Fed. Bank system in Constitution Create a National Currency o Bank will lend \$ to make \$ to pay off debt. Washington Supports Hamilton's Idea Whiskey Rebellion: Pardoned; Clemency Panel 4: New States Washington -- Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee ◊ Am. Milita removes Native Americans 1793: o French Revolution in Europe causes problems in U.S. o G.B. + France at war also o U.S. wants to trade with both + remain neutral o Fr +G.B. impress ships + sailors o U.S. chooses to side with G.B. (Big trade) France Angry ♣ Problems to come Panel 5: Washington's Accomplishments 2 terms/8 years Sets precedent U.S. functioning Government Economy Improving o Paying down debt Washington avoid war with Fr + G.B. America moves westward without fear of Native Americans, Fr, G.B. Panel 6: John Adam's Presidency 1796-1800 Neutral status for America XYZ Affair: End seizure of ships Alien + Sedition Acts Built up navy (Frigates) Federalists vs. Dem-Rep. Kentucky -- Virginia Resolution Federalism: States Rights vs. Federal Constitution Amendment 12: Combined Pres. and V.P. ticket Panel 7: Thomas Jefferson's Presidency 1800 -- 1808 2 Terms Laissez Faire Downsized Federal Government o Navy Louisiana Purchase o Bought from France Napolean needed cash Mississippi River to Rockies Merriweather Lewis + Clark Journey (William) - Missouri River Colombia River Sacagawea Pacific Ocean Expansionism No War. New State -- Ohio Reduces debt Changes right to citizenship (Pre Al-Sed Act) Explores S. West Zebulon Pike ♣ Rio Grand River ♣ Colorado River Ends taxes: Homes/slaves/whiskey Alabama/Mississippi Region Fr + G.B. impress again Jeff. Implements an embargo Maybury vs. Madison (Judicial Review)