URBS_250___Final_Exam_Review.docx.pdf

URBS 250: Final Exam Review Lecture 1-2 (Mapping Basics)  What Are Maps?  Origins of the word “Map”:  Latin: mappa mundi, ‘sheet of the world’  Abstractions, Simplifications, and Representations of the Environment  “Maps are scaled models of reality” (Mark Monmonier)  Maps are intended to con...

URBS 250: Final Exam Review Lecture 1-2 (Mapping Basics)  What Are Maps?  Origins of the word “Map”:  Latin: mappa mundi, ‘sheet of the world’  Abstractions, Simplifications, and Representations of the Environment  “Maps are scaled models of reality” (Mark Monmonier)  Maps are intended to convey information, as well as, abstractions, simplifications, and representations of reality  Maps in Planning  Visualize and understand spatial complexities  Society  Culture  Politics  Economy  Environment  Mental Maps vs. Tangible Maps 1  Tangible Maps  Can be viewed by more than one person  Presents the same information to each viewer  Usually accurate representations of real space  Mostly objective  Example: maps of land uses in Montreal  Advantage of tangible maps: multiple people can view the information instantaneously  Defining Mental Maps  Mental maps are similar to Cognitive, Concept, Mind maps and Bubble diagrams.  Exist mainly in our minds.  Reflect individuals experience, perception and knowledge of a space.  Usually not an accurate representative of real space.  Highly subjective.  Mental Maps Help Us  To navigate the environment.  To understand the world around us.  To identify important or problematic areas of our community. 2  Basic Elements on Maps 1. Title & Subtitle 2. Legend 3. Scale 4. North Arrow 5. Date 6. Source 7. Geographic Info 8. Thematic Info  Map Design Fundamentals  Conventions (top of page represents north, water is blue)  Visual (based on the rules of visual representation)  Structured (a visual and intellectual hierarchy, i.e. color)  Aesthetic (Layout: if it’s not attractive, it won’t be used)  Clear and coherent (comprehensive vs. clear)  Adapted to a specific public (expert vs. novice) 14 January 2019 Lecture 2-1 (Concept Mapping)  Why is Context Important?  Context is crucial. It is about understanding the position of development, and how to position a development. High quality places will only emerge if the approach is cohesive and inclusive.  Designers need to take into account of the following priorities:  Strengthening local communities  Creating places of distinction  Harnessing intrinsic site assets and resources  Integrating with surroundings  Ensuring feasibility  Providing vision  Definition of Concept Maps  Graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge.  Level of Representational Detail 3  The Components of Concept Maps  Lines  Shows the relationship between the two concepts.  “Verb” in Concept Mapping semiology.  Concepts  Illustrates key ideas.  “Noun” in Concept Mapping semiology.  Prepositions  Meaningful statement communicating the link between two or more concepts.  “Preposition” in Concept Mapping semiology.  Why Concept Maps?  To generate ideas (Brainstorming).  To design complex structures (Community Design, Spatial Relationships, Access to Public Institutions). 4    To communicate complex ideas (Legibility, Ease of Movement). To aid learning by explicitly integrating new and old knowledge. To assess understanding or diagnose misunderstanding or issues.  The Advantages of Concept Mapping  Development of a holistic understanding.  Quick communication of key themes.  Simplification of complex ideas.  Helps to formulate and create a better understanding of subject matter.  The Disadvantages of Concept Mapping  Oversimplifications  Communicates only general ideas and relationships  If not well developed they may be misleading  Examples Creative Tool System Design Communication 5 Learning Assessment Simplification Lecture 2-2 (Lynchian Spatial Analysis)  Lynch’s Five Imageability Elements 1. Landmarks (ex: monuments, city hall, etc.) 2. Districts (ex: boroughs) 3. Paths (ex: how do we get there?) 4. Nodes (ex: where should we go now?) 5. Edges (ex: neighborhood limits) Lecture 3-1 (Making the Connections: Walking, Cycling and Transport)  Walking – Five C’s 1. Convenience 2. Conspicuousness 3. Comfortable 4. Connections 5. Convivial 6 Lecture 3-2 (Streets)  Streets 7  Hierarchy of Streets and Roads  Principal Arterials/Primary Distributors  Minor Arterials/District Distributors  Collector Streets/Local Distributor  Local Streets/Access roads of Cul-de-Sac Main Roads Street Networks 8 Street Connectivity  Streets as Social Place  Streets for everyone  St-Viateur, Bernard, Victoria, Laurier, Monkland, and Queen Mary.  Places not “Roads”  Mont-Pleasant, Washington  Pedestrian-Friendly Streets  Walkable neighborhood  Reduce accident severity, frequency, environmental impact by limiting vehicular speeds to 30km per hour (20mph)  Woonerf “Street for Living” or Home Zone 9  American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) 10  Traffic Calming and Pedestrian Crossings  How much traffic can the street take?  Traffic affects pedestrians’ ability to cross.  500 cars per hour = provide many opportunities to cross.  500-1000 cars = require designed crossing.  > 1000 = requires pedestrians to wait at signaled crossings.  Wide Crossing on Main Roads.  Slow traffic down. 11 12  What Makes Houten, NL Different from Traditional Cities?  They have a parking lot for bikes where you can store your bikes and then take the subway to your destination. Lecture 4 (Plan and Plan Making)  What is a Plan For?  Statement of adopted policy.  Guide public and private actions.  Inform decision makers about long range community goals.  Reasons for Preparing an Urban Design Plan  Forging Visions  Public Support  Devising Strategies  Creating Good Locations Marketing Sites or Areas  Forming “Treaties”  Two Main Types of Plans  Comprehensive Plan  Strategic Plan  Purposes of the Montreal Master Plan 1. The Master Plan is now the reference guide for all planning and development issues for the City and its private, public and community partners. 2. This Plan represents both an instrument we will use to improve the quality of life of Montrealers and a social contract bringing citizens together around common goals for their future.  Objectives 13 1. High-quality, diversified and complete living environments. 2. Structuring, efficient transportation networks fully integrated into the urban fabric. 3. A prestigious, convivial and inhabited Centre. 4. Dynamic, accessible and diversified employment areas. 5. High-quality architecture and urban landscapes. 6. An enhanced built, archaeological and natural heritage. 7. A healthy environment.  Purpose of Toronto’s Official Plan 1. This Official Plan is about making the right choices and shaping Toronto’s future. 2. The Plan is about getting fundamentals right. 3. It is about having a clear vision for the City – grounded in durable principles that assure a successful future.  Purpose of Vancouver Action Plan 1. Road map for the next stage of a journey that will challenge all of us – citizens, businesses, and governments – to demonstrate our commitment to making the planet a better place for our children and grandchildren. 2. Sets out the broad long-term vision as well as ten specific goals that we need to achieve by 2020 in order to become the global leader in progress toward an environmentally sustainable future. 14  Typical Data Needs in Plans  Maps  Natural Environment  Existing Land Uses  Housing Density and Intensification  Transportation Modes  Housing  Public Utilities  Table and Graphs  Local Economy Distribution  Sectors of Significant Carbon Emission  Images  Time Frame  MMP Vision of next 10 years  VAP Time Frame of 10 years  TOP Time Frame: 30 Year Plan  Basic Plan Structure  The Plan Core (i.e. Themes)  State Authority of Plan  Background Data  Stakeholder Identification and Process  Statement of Goals, Objective and Assumptions  The Plan Elements (i.e. Areas of Intervention)  Findings from New Analysis  Intervention, Phasing and Policy  Recommendations  Goals vs Objectives  Goals: General statement about desired future.  i.e.: Increase public transit use.  Objectives: Measurable advancement of Goals  i.e.: Increase public transit use by 10% over the next 10 years. 15  Basic Document Structure  Name Table of Context  Key Themes or Areas of Intervention  Time Frame  Acknowledgements  Glossary/Terminology Key Lecture 4-2 (MMP, STM Vision 2020 & PMAD)  Ville Marie MMP 1. Type of Plan:  Comprehensive 2. Goals and Objectives:  High-quality, diversified and complete living environments.  Structuring, efficient transportation networks fully integrated into the urban fabric.  A prestigious, convivial and inhabited Centre.  Dynamic, accessible and diversified employment areas.  High-quality architecture and urban landscapes.  An enhanced built, archaeological and natural heritage.  A healthy environment. 3. Key Figures:  Land Use  Built Density, Height, Heritage  Green Space  List of Important Buildings 4. Basic Structure of the Plan  Overview of city-wide orientations  Land use designation  Building density  Building heights  Parks and green spaces  Built heritage  Area destined for urban design 5. Time Line:  10 Years  STM Vision 2020 1. Type of Plan  Strategic Plan 16 2. Goals and Objectives  Expand services  Improve the customer experience and marketing efforts  Attract, develop and mobilize talent  Optimize investment management  Further improve performance  Place sustainable development at the centre of all our decisions 3. Key Figures  Ridership – 405M new record in 2011  Modal shif  Demographic analysis  Cost analysis 4. Basic Structure of the Plan  5. Time Line  Around 10 years  PMAD 1. Type of Plan  Comprehensive 2. Goals and Objectives  Land Use – Density without diminishing cultivatable land, intensification/optimization of land use  Transportation – TOD, modernize, optimize and connect.  Environment – Forest cover and water way expansions, landscape and heritage preservation, enhance recreation and tourism usage. 3. Key Figures  Land Use  Transport  Recreation and Tourism Map 4. Basic Structure of the Plan  5. Time Line  20 Years Lecture 5 (Building Types)  Terms     Style Density Project Size Location 17  Building Type  The Different Types of Buildings  Comparative Density  Location  Latitude and Longitude  Address and Cadastral  Neighborhood  Borough  Aspects of Site Planning  Zoning  Infrastructure Design  Open Space  Setbacks  Allowed Density  Parking  Restrictions  Building Considerations  Orientation  Entry 18   Massing Design Guidelines  Planning and Design Steps  Code Delineations  Programming  Opportunity and Constraints (SWOC)  Site Plan Testing  Plan Development  Final Platting  Implementation  Best Practice Principles 1. Regional Vernacular 2. Mixed-Use 3. Transit-Oriented Development 4. Conservation of Ecological Sensitive Areas 5. Open Space Design 6. Stormwater Management 7. Green Buildings  Residential Building Types  Single-Family Detached  Single-Family Attached  Multifamily Low-Rise  Multifamily Mid-Rise  Multifamily High Rise  Office Building Types  Office Low-Rise  Office Mid-Rise  Office High Rise 19  What’s not on Property Assessment Site  No lot dimensions, FAR setbacks, coverage Lecture 5-2 (Urban Structure - Movement and Mixing Uses)  What is Walkability from an 8-80 Perspective?  If it’s good for an 8 year old and an 80 year old, then it will be good for everyone like people from 0-100 years old. We need to stop building cities as if everyone was 30 years old and athletic. We have to build cities for everyone.  Why is Urban Structure Important?  Integration  Connection and overlap with surrounding areas.  Functional Efficiency  So that individual elements (buildings, streets, open space, etc.) work together as part of an efficient whole.  Environmental Harmony  Creating development forms that are energy efficient and ecologically sensitive.  A Sense of Place  Creating somewhere that is recognizably distinct but simultaneously strengthens local identity.  Commercial Viability  Responding to the realities of market influence on development mix and delivery.  Urban Structure with Movement in Mind  Provides many choices for how to make journeys in the area.  Accounts for movements that each development will generate  Has clear connections to routes and facilities of the area.  Because every site is different there can be no standard formula.  Movement Assessment  Alternative modes of transports should be as easy and attractive as the car.  What kinds of movements and movement qualities could we study? 20  Street Network  Creating a permeable network and not a superblock.  Promote direct connections to main streets.  Maximize the potential for mixed use.  Type of Grid  80-100m provides for both vehicular and pedestrian access needs.  50-70m provides optimum access for pedestrian activity needs.  However, these are not always true depending on the context.  Walkable Neighborhood  Designed for ease of walking  250m to post office  400m to convenience stores  800m to local shops, bus stops, health clinics, primary school  A widely used benchmark is for mixed development, neighborhoods is:  400m radius or;  Around 5min walk  Around 50 hectares area  Mixed Form, Uses and Users  Ensure the mixture is well mixed, avoid clustering too many of the same use in enclaves.  Character Areas  Creating a sense of place to strengthen the character of the neighborhood.  Compatible Uses  Not all uses can be mixed.  Some are more ideal than others.  Use the ideal of spacing attractors about 250m apart.  Centres  Intensify around public transit nodes.  Inject housing into the mix.  Emphasize the civic.  Edges  Absorb the “big box” into the mix.  Warp and cap the big boxes.  Bring dead edges to life. 21  Transitions  A rich mix in Transition – Inner city.  Ofen in between higher density residential to local core.  Benefits of Mixed Use Are  More convenient access to facilities.  Travel-to-work congestion is minimized.  Greater opportunities for social interaction.  Socially diverse communities.  Visual stimulation and delight of different buildings within close proximity.  A greater feeling of safety, with ‘eyes on streets.’  Greater energy efficiency and more efficient use of space and buildings.  More consumer choice of lifestyle, location and building type.  Urban vitality and street life.  Increased viability of urban facilities and support for small business (such as corner shops). Lecture 7-1 (Intro to GIS & GID Basics) AFTER MT  Introduction to GIS 1. Maps: Reference vs Thematic 2. Two Categories of Thematic Information 3. Thematic Map Types 4. GIS Basics  Reference Maps vs. Thematic Maps  Reference Maps: Maps used to find our way and better understand the physical layout of a space.  Includes the Following:  Roads  Buildings  Metro Station  Bus Routes  Cadastral  District Regions  Census Tracts  Atlases 22 Thematic Maps: Maps describing a set of characteristics of a region or space.  Includes the Following:  Land Use  Metro Ridership  Population Density  Average Global Temperature  Taxations  Land Value Qualitative vs Quantitative  Qualitative  Includes the Following:  Land Use  Majority Vote  Suggested Protected Areas    Quantitative  Includes the Following:  Population Change  Transit Ridership Per Region  Land Value  Quantitative Thematic Map Types    Dot Density23 Choropleth Proportional Symbols    Isarithmic Flow Diagrams Cartogram  Dot Density  What does a clustering of dots mean?  What does a lack of dots mean?  Isarithmic Maps  General Isolines Variable Include:  Topographical – Elevation  Isotherms – Average Temperatures  Isohyets – Precipitation  Isospecies – Density of Species  Isochrones – Travel Time from a Point  Or any continuous variable  Proportional Symbols – Cartograms 24  Choropleth Maps – Relative Data  It uses graduated color to illustrate values of phenomenon over a division of space.  E.g. Population density by block  Main Map Elements  What is GIS?  Geographical  Information  System  G – Geographical  Mapping  2D (sometimes 3D) simplified representation of reality.  Science of Mapping  Scales  Coordinates  Projections  Control Datums  I – Information  Information databases are created using specialized sofware programs that organize, store and retrieve complex interrelated information.  There are two types of Information Databases: 1. Spatial (geographical information). 25  Ex: A building. 2. Non-Spatial (any attribute of geographical information.  Ex: Address, cadastral number, market value, census tract, postal code, building footprint, height.  S – System  Systems:  Computer hardware and sofware, Models.  People – Users, Researchers, Managers, Committees.  GIS in a Nutshell  GIS is a complex analytical spatial tool that user employ to study a real world spatial problem.  As a complex tool it is very powerful, however, because of this it can easily be misused and then produce misleading results.  GIS Basics 1. Projection Coordinate Systems  Location  Flatting of a 3D object into a 2D plane 2. Spatial Data Structures  Vector vs. Raster Data 3. Spatial Representation  Objects & Geographic Phenomena  Projections  Globe to 2D Plane 26  Every Projection Distorts the World  Which Projection is Best? 27  Why Understanding Map Projections is Important in GIS  Key information to locate geographic features on the surface of the earth.  There are hundreds of projections.  Each projection distorts the world in its won way.  Which projection should you use?  It depends on the purpose of your map.  The Power of GIS  Measures and calculates values accurately and quickly.  Buffers and address matching.  Overlays and combines.  Acquires, manipulates and visualizes spatial and non-spatial data.  Navigates the world at different times and places.  Represents the typically invisible or non-spatial data in visible forms.  Land Base Classification Model (GIS in Planning)  What is Spatial Data?  Geographic Information  It may be:  Static/Mobile  Changing at Different Rates  Perennial/Seasonal  Visible/Invisible  Simple/Complex  Measurable or not  Spatial Data Representations 28   Vector Data  Points  Lines  Polygons  Spatial analysis that can be performed:  Contiguity,  Connectivity  Containment Raster Data  Grid  Quantitative attribute represented  Each cell has a value Temperature (Global Warming)   Do We Combine Both?  Two main ways:  Georeferencing  Heads-up-digitizing  Why are they used together?  To give context to vector data.  To provide up to date raster into to analyse. Spatial Representation: Objects & Geographic Phenomena  The level of abstraction of representation are based on: 1. The Scale 29  Ex: Tree or forest 2. The Context  Ex: River flux or biodiversity 3. The Goal  Ex: Water surface area or river direction  From the Real World to a GIS: Subjective Choices Lecture 7-1 (Intro to GIS & GID Basics Cont.)  Why Do Urban Planners Use GIS?  Urban planning is a discipline that demands a broad range of knowledge beyond physical space, such as, the social, the cultural, the political, and the economical.  GIS allows planners the possibility to address a combination of many or one issues in one map.  What Disciplines Use GIS?  Public Health  Environmental Sciences  Political Sciences  Marketing  Public Administration  Geography  Planning  Layers of Information  GIS allows planners to show many layers of information all at the same time.  Or show each layer on its own. 30  Retailer’s Strategic Expansion  Operations  Water Management  Mail Services  Resource Management (Corporate or Public)  Energy Grids  Traffic Management  What is Done With GIS  Create new maps  Reconciling maps of different scales and projections  Buffering  Address matching  Measuring distances  Overlay/Organize/Remove information on a map  Spatial suitability analysis  Spatially visualize non-spatial data  Link maps to other images  Import CAD data  3D visualizations  Communication  Local communities used GIS to express their particular needs and concerns on the environment, housing, transportation and economic revitalization.  Population Density 31  Interactive Zoning Map of Ville Marie  Urban GIS Data Resources  Concordia Library  http://library.concordia.ca/services/collections/maps/  Open Data – City of Montreal  http://donnees.ville.montreal.qc.ca/dataset?res_format=SHP  National Air Photo Library  National Topographic Survey Data  Census Canada & CHASS – Computing in the Humanities and Social Sciences  Satellite and Online Maps – Bing, LANDSAT, Open Street Maps  Montage Visualization Lecture 8 (Place: Districts and Development Practices) 32  Region Types  Political Regions  Biophysical Regions  Ecological Regions  Sociocultural Regions  Economic Regions  Metropolitan Regions  Neighborhoods  No universal way of defining the neighborhood as a unit. A heuristic process is used guided by three main heuristics: 1. Program Goals and Strategies 2. Neighborhood Characteristics 3. Contextual Influences   Size (Nested Neighborhood Units)  Face Block  Residential Neighborhood  Institutional Neighborhood What is a Face Block? 33  Neighborhood Characteristics  Informal Network of Associations  Organizations  Functional Attributes  Population Diversity  Neighborhood Context  Social Demographic Data  Census Data  Centris (Housing Data) Neighborhood Boundary  Recognized Boundary  Administrative and Political Boundaries  Created Boundaries (i.e. “Quartier Concordia”)   Neighborhood Centers Form and Scale  Neighborhood Centers  Communities Goals and Planning Considerations  Walkability and Neighborhood Centers  Planning Guidelines (i.e. Royal Mount Controversy/Master Plan)  Program Guidelines (i.e. Land Use)  Form Guidelines (i.e. Zoning)  Historical Districts  Definition of Heritage:  Héritage Montréal is interested primarily in the type of heritage that can be described and located on a map. Such heritage consists of immoveable 34 property and may be covered by urban planning instruments. While Héritage Montréal focuses it efforts on built heritage, there are five facets to Montréal’s built heritage of concern to the organization: 1. Sites of commemorative interest  Places or buildings associated with historical people or events, place names. 2. Sites of archeological interest  Sites or vestiges, buried or not, related to stages in Montreal’s history. 3. Sites of architectural interest  Building that are exceptional in some way or typical periods, works of civil engineering, public works of art, landscape architecture. 4. Sites of landscape interest  Urban views and landmarks, the river, the mountain, topography, street trees, major parks, the canal, architectural characteristics of the neighborhoods). 5. Sites of ecological interest  Sites identified in terms of natural science, hydrology (water), geological evidence, forest ecosystems, migratory stopovers.  Heritage Montreal – A heritage for the Future  Many great strides have been made in heritage management since Heritage Montreal was founded 40 years ago – a time when entire neighborhoods were disappearing. You can help us continue to make progress, and to that end we’ve developed this interactive map-based toolkit that profiles vulnerable heritage sites. It’s designed to evolve thanks to the vigilance and collaboration of users like you. Inspired by the actions taken over the past 40 years to better integrate Montreal’s DNA into the city’s evolving heritage, this platform makes available a range of tools we can use to create – together – positive, well equipped and inspiring grassroots movements to build a meaningful heritage for the future.  Waterfronts  Art Districts  Industrial Parks 35  Office Parks  The Best Practices of Development  Infill Development  Single Infill  Sensitive Single Infill  Main Streets 36  Multiple Infill  Mixed Use Development  Mixed Use Buildings  Most uses are compatible side-by-side  Mix at close quarters  Vertical mixed-use: make it stack up  Transit-Oriented Development 37 Lecture 9A (Placemaking Design Considerations)  Environmental Site Analysis  Physical  Solar Exposure  Geology  Physiographic  Hydrology  Microclimate  Waste and Soils  Biological  Habitat  Protected Areas  Endangered Species  Vegetation Type  Cultural Features  Land Use  Settlement Pattern  Historical Use  Building/Open Space Types  Hydro Lines  Views  Sun 38  Wind  Water  Topography  Work with the surrounding elevation.  Using the natural surrounding can reduce cost and environmental sensitivity. 39  How about built topography?  Waste  How Should We Reduce Waste?  How does this relate to urban planning?  Land?  Streets?  Environment?  Quality of Space?  Public Access?  Biodiversity?  Forest?  Wildlife 40  Ecology (Mont St. Hilaire)  Urban Heat Island  Urban Analysis       Social Demographic Density Property Ownership Heritage Movement Pattern Figure Ground        Urban Forest & Microclimate Urban Form Topography Views Open/Public Space Street Permeability Spatial Hierarchy     Environmental Concerns Connections … and More Zoning and Land Use 41  Open Space  What is the ideal distance to a local? 42  Public Access (Nolli)  The map present represents Rome.  Parks Lecture 9B (Placemaking Design Considerations Cont.) 43  Scale & Density  Rural – Urban Density Transect  Massing  Different massing, but same GFA and FAR.  Permeability and Form 44  Safety      CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) Concepts. Defensible Space (i.e. High rises vs Walk-ups). Natural Access Control (i.e. Conspicuousness). Natural Surveillance (i.e. Eyes on the Street). Territorial Reinforcement (i.e. Private vs Public).  CPTED and Community Design  Provide clear border defined of control space.  Provide clearly marked transitional zones.  Relocate gathering areas.  Place safe activities in unsafe spaces.  Place unsafe activities in safe spaces.  Re-designate the use of space to provide natural barriers.  Improve scheduling of space.  Redesign space to increase the perception of natural surveillance.  Walkability  Portland, Oregon   Salt Lake City Block Structure & Parceling 45  Block Size/Permeability & Walkability  Grid Type  500m vehicular mobility (Salt Lake).  80-100m provides for both fair vehicular mobility and fair pedestrian access (Plateau).  50-70m provides optimum access for pedestrian activity needs (Portland).  Connectivity and Walkability  Link to node ratio: 2.5 (perfect grid network). 46  Level of Service  Other Walkability Metric  Ria Hutabarat Lo’s Recommendations to Improve Walkability 1. Universal access characteristics. 2. Path directness and street network connectivity. 3. Safety of at-grade crossing treatments. 4. Absence of or the separation of heavy and high-speed traffic. 5. Increase land-use density. 6. Increase building and land-use diversity or mix. 7. Street trees and landscaping. 8. Visual interest and a sense of place as defined under local conditions. 9. Perceived or actual security. 47 Lecture 10 (Design Elements, U – Chapter 5: Detailing the Place)  Why are Details so Important?  Makes or breaks a place.  Commitment of the developer, the community and the authorities to maintain high standards.  Allows all the users to enjoy space, in a balanced and efficient way.  Creates and retains value.  Above all, ensure distinctiveness, whether a central square or great avenue, a quiet street or mews.  Spacing – Positive Outdoor Space  Positive or negative space  Define the space, its function and character.  Building lines and setbacks  Be direct  Face up  Enclosure 48  Saint James Church Before Afer  Edge – Animating the Edge    Reach out to the street Make buildings give Richness and Beauty  Be a good neighbor  Strengthen local identity  Keep it rich – from near and afar 49  Corners  Building Depth  Building Width 50  Building Height  The big picture  Wrap up and step down  Adaptability and Re-use  Home is where the heart is  Access for all  Conversion: Reveal the history of a place  Kallus, 2001 – From Abstract to Concrete – Text Meaning  The subjective reading is concrete, and therefore offers an urban understanding that is cognizant of the real-life circumstances of specific population groups, hoping to lead towards urban design that is able to create pluralistic urban spaces.  Sub-Point on Gendered Space  The gendered urban reading presented here serves only as an illustration of the concrete approach that postmodern urban design should adopt if it is to acquire any social relevance in the multicultural post modern urban environment.  Application of Reading: From Abstract to Concrete  The Goal 1. Develop a clearer understanding of objective and subjective observations. 2. Identifying limits of the public realm within our environment. 3. Incorporate drawings and photographic representations as a communication media to illustrate significant issue and potential solutions.  Objective Observations  “Objective” is something which has actual material existence in the real world.  The quantification of what you can see around your area. Kallus states it as the physical aspects of the urban environment.  Subjective Observation  Go beyond the objective and indifferent reading of space and discuss the “Subjective” (the qualitative assessment of space) and what Kallus calls the more concrete reading of space.  Interview 3 people about their perception of your public space and summarize of how they describe, use or understand it. Ultimately, focus on the habitation or activities of the public space in question. 51  Our Definition of Public Space  Spaces that are accessible to all, even if this space is privately owned is considered public. If spaces are inaccessible, even is publicly owned, then it is considered to be not part of public space. Hence, if you can enter the space, then we will deem it to be public.  Noli Map of Public Space  Social Spaces  Focus activity areas  Uses in and around the space  Build in versatility  Routes through space: enable people to pass directly from A to B.  Stimulate the Senses  Touch  Smell  Sounds  Distinctive Places  Strengthen local identity  Plant local  Quality places are built to last  Ex: Petit Champlain in Québec  Street Furniture 52   Declutter Signage   Public Art Lighting  Built-In Safety  Crime Prevention and the Public Realm  If there has to be a security fence or grill, design it as a sculpture.  Watch the main entrance closely. Lab 4 & 5 (Axonometric, Plan & Section View)     Lot Size: The surveyed measurements of a lot. Coverage: Footprint of building/Area of lot Height Envelopes: The regulated min. and max. height for the building on a lot. Floor Area Ratio (FAR): FAR = Total GFA allowed to be built/Lot Area 53   Setback: It Is the distance between the building and the property line. Axonometric: To show the “reality” of the building.  Calculations  Site Description and Zoning:  Lot: 20m x 40m, FAR: 4  Coverage: 50%, Min. Height: 3m  What is the max. number of floors?  4 Floors  What is the largest footprint you can build?  400m2  What is the max. total GFA?  1600m2 \ Lab 7 (Density)  Density Definitions  Buildable Density  Floor Area Ratio (Built Space/Lot Size)  Livable Density  Dwellings per hectare (dph)  Bedrooms or Habitable Rooms per hectare (Br or Hr/h)  Population Density  Person/Hectare (pph)  Gross vs. Net Density  F.A.R. (Buildable Density)  Built Density of Tokyo, Japan 54  Buildable Density in Ville Marie  Units/hectare (Livable Density) – Br or Hr/hectare  Livable Density of Hong Kong, China  Population Density  Largest cities in the world ranked by population density (1-10)   Mumbai has the Highest Population Density Gross vs. Net Density 55 Extra              Perspective Views: To show the “appearance” of buildings. Two-Point Perspective: To show the “appearance” of the massing of a building. Station or Standing Point (SP): The station point locates the fixed position of the viewer. Center of Vision (COV): It is the center axis within the viewer’s field of vision. Field of Vision (FOV): The viewer’s plan and elevation field of vision bound the environment captured within the perspective drawing. Pyramid of Vision (POV): The pyramid of vision resembles a regular pyramid tipped sideways with its apex at the eye of the viewer. Picture Frame (PF): Picture frames are analogous to the wooden frames around oil paintings. Picture Plane (PP): Picture planes are flat, two-dimensional surfaces that record the projected perspective images of buildings and environments. A picture plane always aligns perpendicular to the viewer’s center of vision. Measuring Line (ML): All measuring lines are located on the picture plan, which is the only true-size plane in the perspective field. Measuring lines are thus the only true-scale lines in a perspective drawing. Line of Sight (LOS): Ground Line (GL): Horizon Line (HL): Vanishing Points (VP): 56