Upper and Lower Limb Anatomy PDF

Upper Limb & Lower Limb Dr O. Upper Limb & Lower Limb Dr O.  The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle – Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk Pelvic girdle – Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk Upper and lower limbs differ in function – Sha...

Upper Limb & Lower Limb Dr O. Upper Limb & Lower Limb Dr O.  The Appendicular Skeleton Pectoral girdle – Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk Pelvic girdle – Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk Upper and lower limbs differ in function – Share the same structural plan Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Articulated Pectoral Girdle Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Appendicular Skeleton Upper extremity – Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle, upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and hand – Shoulder girdle Made up of scapula and clavicle Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the sternoclavicular joint At its distal end, clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Pectoral Girdle shoulder girdle clavicles scapulae supports upper limbs Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Clavicles articulate with manubrium articulate with scapulae (acromion process) Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Scapulae spine acromion process supraspinous fossa coracoid process infraspinous fossa glenoid cavity Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  The Upper Limb 30 bones form each upper limb Grouped into bones of the – Arm – Forearm – Hand Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Upper Limb Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Humerus The long bone of the upper arm Articulates proximally with the glenoid fossa of the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Humerus head greater tubercle lesser tubercle anatomical neck surgical neck deltoid tuberosity capitulum trochlea coronoid fossa olecranon fossa Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Radius – Long bone found on thumb side of forearm Articulates proximally with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna articulates distally with scaphoid and lunate carpals and with head of ulna Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Radius lateral forearm bone head radial tuberosity styloid process Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Ulna Long bone found on little finger side of forearm Articulates proximally with humerus and radius and distally with a fibrocartilaginous disk Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Ulna medial forearm bone trochlear notch olecranon process coronoid process styloid process Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Wrist and Hand Carpals (16) trapezium trapezoid capitate scaphoid pisiform triquetrum hamate lunate Metacarpals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal phalanx middle phalanx distal phalanx Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Appendicular Skeleton 20 The beginning of Walking 22 NICOTINE AND THE BLOOD VESSELS  Appendicular Skeleton Lower extremity Consists of the bones of –Hip –Thigh –lower leg –Ankle –Foot Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Pelvis The adult pelvis is composed of four bones: – the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae. Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of the ventral body cavity. Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Os Coxae Commonly referred to as the “hip bone” or innominate bone. Each is formed from three separate bones: – the ilium – the ischium – the pubis Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Pelvic Girdle Coxae (2) supports trunk of body protects viscera Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Coxae hip bones acetabulum ilium iliac crest iliac spines greater sciatic notch ischium ischial spines lesser sciatic notch ischial tuberosity pubis obturator foramen symphysis pubis pubic arch Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Greater and Lesser Pelvis Greater Pelvis Lesser Pelvis lumbar vertebrae sacrum and coccyx posteriorly posteriorly iliac bones laterally lower ilium, ischium, and abdominal wall pubis bones laterally and anteriorly anteriorly Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Male and Female Pelvis Female iliac bones more flared broader hips pubic arch angle greater more distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities sacral curvature shorter and flatter lighter bones Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Lower Limb Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Femur longest bone of body head fovea capitis neck greater trochanter lesser trochanter linea aspera condyles epicondyles Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Patella kneecap anterior surface of knee flat sesamoid bone located in a tendon Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Tibia shin bone medial to fibula condyles tibial tuberosity anterior crest medial malleolus  Fibula lateral to tibia long, slender head lateral malleolus does not bear any body weight Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Ankle and Foot Tarsals (14) calcaneus talus navicular cuboid lateral cuneiform intermediate cuneiform medial cuneiform Metatarsals (10) Phalanges (28) proximal middle distal Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Ankle and Foot  Arches of the Foot The sole of the foot does not rest flat on the ground. Helps it support the weight of the body. Ensures that the blood vessels and nerves on the sole of the foot are not pinched when standing. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Arches of the Foot Medial longitudinal arch extends from the heel to the big toe. Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as the medial longitudinal arch. Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the longitudinal arches. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Hallux valgus A lateral deviation of the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint Its incidence is greater in women than in men Associated with badly fitting shoes. Often accompanied by the presence of a short first metatarsal bone. Once the deformity is established, it is progressively worsened by the pull of the flexor hallucis longus and extensor hallucis longus muscles. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O.  Hallux rigidus Osteoarthritic changes in the metatarsophalangeal joint, which then becomes stiff and painful Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Pes planus (flat foot) A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is depressed or collapsed. As a result, the forefoot is displaced laterally The head of the talus is no longer supported The causes of flat foot are both congenital and acquired. Upper and Lower Limb - Dr O. Questions and Answers Thank you 29/09/2021 Aetiology & Classification of Low Back Pain -ANA 902 50