[UPCAMP] Language Proficiency.pdf

College Entrance Exam Reviewer ( Day 5 ) Brought to you by  LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY MODULE English NOUNS Nouns are words that refer to an entity, quality, state, acti...

College Entrance Exam Reviewer ( Day 5 ) Brought to you by  LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY MODULE English NOUNS Nouns are words that refer to an entity, quality, state, action or concept. Entity Quality State Action Concept Student Beauty Hopefulness Writing Hope Table Cowardice Brokenness To write Religion Thor Effervescence Immateriality Tackle Feasibility Carlito syrichta Electronegativity Gaseousness Layup (basketball) Entropy Nouns are very basic words in a language. At a bazaar, people can point at a product, the seller can give a name, and an understanding can be made. Correct use of nouns can simplify conversations; they ensure that all parties understand each other in the same way. If someone says “that dog with a funny face and that usually has white spots underneath its belly,” would you understand that that person was trying to describe a boxer (the dog breed)? Wouldn’t it be inconvenient and confusing to say “leap from below and use one hand to lay the ball near the basket to make a two-point shot attempt” every time you wanted a teammate to do a layup? Choose nouns for correctness and clarity; learn proper diction from a dictionary. Nouns as a Subject You may have seen a baby point at random things and name them. “Car! Tree! Square!” You may have also been annoyed because in your mind you were asking, “And so what about them?!” This is why in a basic sentence, there is a subject and a predicate answering the question “so what about it.” Martin is a boy. The pie is sweet. Dogs bark. Nouns as a Direct Object Direct objects are words denoting the goal or the result of the action of a verb. Maurice punched the tree. For Mario and Marc, drawing cartoons is easy. Marina hates painting her fingernails. Possessive Nouns Possessive nouns show ownership. Usually, common nouns that do not refer to people do not have possessive forms since they cannot own anything. Note that possessive nouns are different from adjectives. Hulk cannot carry Thor’s (hammer). Ron’s (wand) broke. His (performance) was scandalous. 0 The legs of the table are rusty. He is as mysterious as the dark side of the moon. PRONOUNS Pronouns substitute nouns or other pronouns. х I thought I lost the Hunger Games book that my friend lent me, but I found the Hunger Games book that my friend lent me in my backpack. ✓ I thought I lost the Hunger Games book that my friend lent me, but I found it in my backpack. Some nouns need to be reused in other clauses, but inventing a new name for them will just cause confusion. To simplify things, pronouns substitute nouns and other pronouns. Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Possessive Pronouns I, It, She, You Me, It, Her, You Mine, Yours, His, Hers, Ours, Theirs, You, We, He, They You, Us, Him, Them Whose He cannot carry Thor’s hammer. Hulk cannot carry it. Hulk cannot carry his. Intensive Pronouns Intensive pronouns (also called emphatic) end with self or selves and emphasize (intensify) a noun or another pronoun. Instructor himself ordered this product. We did all the work ourselves. Demonstrative Pronouns Demonstrative pronouns point out specific entities, places, things or ideas. Examples are this, that, these, and those. That is his book. I want to exchange this for that and these for those. This is an excellent idea. Determine if the pronouns are used as subject, object, or possessive. Bob and I love watching them skateboard. It hurt itself in its own confusion. That is all they ever wanted from John and me. Indefinite pronouns Indefinite pronouns not substitute for specific nouns but function themselves as nouns. Examples are everybody, anybody, somebody, all, each, every, some, none, and one. Each of the boys must finish his job by the end of the day. If anybody wants my position, he can have it. Subject-verb relationship in complex sentences, compound sentences, complex-compound sentences, and sentences with prepositional phrases, time markers, appositives and other parts of speech Each clause has a subject and predicate. All rules hold in every clause. (Subjects are underlined. Verbs are in bold. Objects are in normal font.) When I was young, I wanted to be famous, so I wrote that script. I am sure our noise level matched that on the floor above us. Therapeutic interventions that incorporate training in mindfulness meditation have become increasingly popular, but to date little is known about neural mechanisms associated with these interventions. ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS Adjectives indicate the quality of a noun. Adverbs indicate the quality of a verb, adjective, or other adverbs. (Adjectives are in bold. Adverbs are highlighted.) I love spending time in my mother’s garden because the flowers smell sweet. The neighbors have a five-months-old baby boy. Most of us feel far removed from outer space, watching from the sidelines as the space agency shines a light on our mysterious universe. Since its inception in 1958, NASA's laundry list of accomplishments includes the first American in space in 1961, the first man to walk on the moon in 1969, a flight to Jupiter in 1972 and the installation of the International Space Station in 1998. Six extremely cute gray mice ruthlessly scathed my brother’s sensitive and healing surgical wound. VERB TONE AND TENSES SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT- PROGRESSIVE PAST Past Tense Was/Were + Present Had + Past Participle Had Been + Present (action completed at a Participle (action or condition Participle specific time in the past) (action going on in the past completed before (action going on in the when overtaken by another another) past for a specific time past action) period when overtaken by another past action) PRESENT Base Form Present Participle Has/Have + Past Has/Have + Present (present or habitual (currently ongoing or Participle Participle action) continuous action or (action or condition that (action or condition being condition) was completed recently) continued to the present) FUTURE Will + Base Form Will be + Present Participle Will have + Past Will have been + Present (action definitely (predicted action) Participle Participle  expected) (future action or condition (continuing future action completed before before another; duration another) of time that occurred before a specific time in the future; most often used with a time expression) SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (Subjects are underlined. Verbs are in bold.) Rule 1 Singular subjects need singular verbs; plural subjects need plural verbs Juan dances. She dances ballet. Students dance hip-hop at the auditorium. The children dance to Thriller every Friday. Last Saturday, they danced barefoot in front of the audience. My professor danced the Thai Sri-Nuan and the Burmese Kinnara to prove her point about the similarities of traditional dances of geographically close countries. Rule 2 Compound nouns require plural verbs The moon and stars are very pretty tonight. Both the book and pen are expensive. Kenan and Kel are going to ask two girls out to the movies. Rule 3 Nouns in plural form but singular in meaning need a singular verb. Some nouns are always plural and always need plural verbs. The news is devastating. Measles is a dangerous disease for pregnant women. The acoustics in the multi-purpose hall is great for recording our new song! The politics of fiction forces writers of developing countries to write autobiographically or historically. My jeans are wet! Shears are used to harmlessly harvest wool from sheep. The canned goods I received were too heavy to carry. Some other nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning: Some other nouns that are always plural: - Economics - Scissors - Athletics - Clothes - Mathematics - Pants - Billiards - Shorts - Ethics - Eyeglasses - The Avengers (the movie; movie is singular) - Stairs - We the Kings (the band; band is singular) - Outskirts Rule 4 Gerunds and infinitives are nouns, not verbs. Do not confuse the two. Answering grammar questions gives me headaches. Letting go of all my attachments to my friends is difficult. To write a series of novels is not an easy task. To lose something, to realize that it will never return, is the mark of adulthood. Rule 5 When the words or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also joins the parts of a compound subject, the verb should be singular when the parts are singular; but it should be plural if both parts are plural. Otherwise, if the parts connected differ in number, the verb agrees with the nearer subject part. Neither the hammer nor the nail was found. Either the students or the teachers were to blame. Not only the horses but also the cow was slain. Rule 6 Each, everybody, everyone, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, none, nobody, one, another, anything, either, neither, many a, are singular pronouns because these words talk about the single individual.  Each officer has the power to confiscate unnecessary items. Many a boy has volunteered to help. Every student is subjected to the rules of the handbook. Every boy and girl in the class was amazed. Every day is a new day. Everyday everybody who’s anybody is living in fear because of the war. None, neither soldier nor civilian, was found underneath the rubble. Rule 7 Many is plural, and much is singular. Many say that the Math exam was hard. Much is left undone. Rule 8 Some pronouns such as all, none and some are singular or plural depending on what they’re referring to. Some of the beads are missing. Some of the water is gone. Rule 9 The expression “the number” requires a singular verb while “a number” requires a plural verb. This is because “the number” is an exact number while “a number” is an estimate. The number of the new students is twenty- five. A number of officials were against the decision. Rule 10 Fractions take a singular verb if the object of the OF-phrase that follows is singular, if not, then it is plural One-fourth of the students are outside. One-half of the cake was eaten. Rule 11 A collective noun requires a singular verb when the group is thought of as a unit, but it requires a plural verb if individuals composing the group are acting separately. The jury were discussing their views on the testimony. The audience was silent. The pieces of homework that the teachers assigned to us were too much for just a weekend. Rule 12 The verb ties with a relative pronoun (what, who, whom, when, which, that) used as a subject; the relative pronoun ties with the number of the person of its antecedent. He is one of the students who were arrested during the protest. She is one of the most vocal girls who are protesting. It was when Napoleon wasted resources maintaining control in Spain that the decline of the French began. Rule 13 There is / there was precedes a singular noun. There are / there were is followed by a plural noun There were many guests at the party. There was dancing all night. Rule 14 Verbs in a compound predicate follow the number of the same subject they describe. He knocks people down and breaks their spirit into pieces. This upbeat album won several international awards and is Charles’s favorite CD. Rule 15 Match subjects with their corresponding verbs. Ignore appositives, prepositional phrases, and other parts of speech. Mae, together with her friends, is going to a road trip. Mary, accompanied by her classmate, is watching a movie. Marco, president of our school’s MUN (Model United Nations), is calling another meeting. Coffee, as well as tea, keeps Marcella awake every school day. Holding a bouquet of red roses behind him, Bolin was devastated as he watched his crush kiss his brother. In addition to classic identity markers of emerging adulthood, such as religion, political ideology, and work, young adults also use media preferences to express their identity. Together with Kommer and Jean Marais, including Marais’s little daughter May, Minke, now matured from all his recent experiences, confronted Engineer Maurits, the man who left Annelies to die in the Netherlands and who was about to take away Nyai Ontosoroh’s business and money. WRITING SENTENCES 1. The Comma splice/ Run-on Sentence  Confusion caused by too much ideas poorly connected in a sentence To correct, add a semi-colon, a conjunction or divide the sentence into two sentences. Remember that clauses must have one subject and one predicate each. х The next essay has a lot of difficult information in it, you should start analyzing it right now. ✓ The next essay has a lot of difficult information in it; you should start analyzing it right now. х He was just about to raise the white flag when the soldier came from the side, he flanked the entire platoon and the captain said his last words. ✓ He was just about to raise the white flag, when the soldier came from the side. He flanked the entire platoon, and the captain said his last words. 2. Fragment A subject or predicate is missing in a clause To correct, complete the sentence. х Since Carlo was talking during the entire class making it impossible for anyone to concentrate. ✓ Since Carlo was talking during the entire class, making it impossible for anyone to concentrate, the teacher made him stay after school. х A photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance. ✓ A photon emitted spontaneously by a radioactive substance is called a gamma ray. 3. Subjunctive Mood Subjunctive mood expresses a command, a wish, a suggestion or a condition that is contrary to fact. A verb in the subjunctive mood may have a different form to one with the same subject which is not in the subjunctive mood. х If I was your parent, I would ground you for two weeks. ✓ If I were your parent, I would ground you for two weeks. х I suggest that Emil waits for the principal. ✓ I suggest that Emil wait for the principal. х I wish he would just drops the charges. ✓ I wish he would just drop the charges. х I know that you steal the cookie from the cookie jar. ✓ I know that you stole the cookie from the cookie jar. х I will not believe anything you said. ✓ I will not believe anything you say. 4. Misplaced/ Dangling Modifiers Modifiers should describe the right noun. Make sure that modifiers are placed nearest to the noun it is describing. х Reaching for the frame, the ladder slipped out from under her. ✓ When he reached for the frame, the ladder slipped out from under her. (The ladder cannot reach for the frame). 5. Parallelism Usually equal and similar elements must be in similar form. х In his book on winter sports, the author discusses ice-skating, skiing, hockey and how to fish in an ice covered lake. ✓ In his book on winter sports, the author discusses ice-skating, skiing, hockey, and fishing in an ice-covered lake. х This project aims to evaluate how many users are familiar with the more technical features of the calculator and analyze the time it takes to complete a certain task on the calculator using mathematics and statistical methods where applicable ✓ This project aims to evaluate how many users are familiar with the more technical features of the calculator and to analyze the time it takes to complete a certain task on the calculator using mathematical and statistical methods where applicable COMMON MISUSED AND INTERCHANGED WORDS  1. PERSECUTE- to subject to ill treatment ON BEHALF OF- representing; on the part of PROSECUTE- to bring to a lawsuit 25. THAT- refers to people or things 2. ADVICE- an offered opinion or recommendation; WHICH- refers only to things used as a noun; used as a noun WHO- refers only to people ADVISE- to give counsel to; used as a verb 26. CITIZEN- one who exercises full civil rights of a 3. LOSE- verb; to miss from one’s possession nation either by birth or neutralization LOOSE- adjective; a state of laxity RESIDENT- an inhabitant of the a state or a city 4. ANTICIPATE- means to expect and prepare for NATIVE- a person born in a specific location something; active 27. CONTINUAL - steadily repeated EXPECT- doesn’t include idea of preparation; CONTINUOUS - uninterrupted passive 28. DECLINE- implies courtesy in rejecting 5. LAY, LAID, LAID- to put or set something down REFUSE- blunt and emphatic in rejecting LIE, LAY, LAIN- to recline 29. DISINTERESTED- impartial, unbiased LIE, LIED, LIED- to deceive UNINTERESTED- lacks interest 6. A WHILE- noun; a period of time 30. EACH OTHER- referring to two people AWHILE- adverb; for a short time ONE ANOTHER- referring to more than two 7. AWAIT- does not require a preposition (for) 31. FARTHER- use in physical distance only WAIT- usually require a preposition (for) FURTHER- use in all other instances 8. BECAUSE- use it to denote a specific cause-and- 32. FEWER- refers to distinguishable units effect relationship LESS- refers to bulk sum, amount, period or SINCE- is acceptable in a causal sense but best concept used when it denotes a period of time 33. IMPLY- to suggest 9. BESIDE- means at the side of INFER- to conclude BESIDES- means in addition to 34. IN SPITE- spelled separately 10. BETWEEN- general, use it for two items DESPITE- never use with the preposition of AMONG- for more than two 35. ALL TOGETHER- people or things gathered in 11. BIANNUAL- twice a year one place BIENNIAL- every two years ALTOGETHER- completely, entirely 12. CAPITAL- is the city 36. CENSOR- remove something questionable; CAPITOL- is the building person who censors 13. CARAT- unit of weight for precious stones CENSURE- find fault or condemns; reprimand KARAT- measure of gold content 37. CITE- mention or quote someone 14. ALL READY- adjective; all prepared SITE- a particular place ALREADY- adverb; pertains to time, something 38. CLIMACTIC- refers to the climax that had happened CLIMATIC- refers to the climate 15. AT PRESENT- means now 39. EXPLICIT- clearly expressed or observable PRESENTLY- means soon IMPLICIT- implied or expressed indirectly 16. EMINENT- respected 40. MANY- people to things that could be counted IMMINENT- pending MUCH- refers to a large quantity 17. EMIGRATE FROM- leave 41. WHO- requires a subject pronouns (equivalent to IMMIGRATE TO- transfer he/she) 18. COMPLEMENT- pair WHOM- requires an object pronoun (equivalent to COMPLIMENT- praise or flatter him/her) 19. TAKE- denotes movement away from the speaker 42. RAISE- transitive verb; lift, heighten, promote or writer RISE- intransitive verb; get up or increase BRING- denotes movement toward the speaker 43. LATER- referring to time 20. ELIGIBLE- meaning authenticated LATTER- referring to second of two persons or ILLEGIBLE- pertains to handwriting things mentioned previously 21. FILL IN- to answer; to be a substitute 44. IN- means inside FILL UP- to put something; fill completely INTO- suggests movement FILL OUT- supply what is needed in the forms 45. HUNG- past tense of hang (suspend) 22. AGREE TO- a proposal or something HANGED- past tense of hang (execute) AGREE WITH- a person 46. A LARGE NUMBER OF – used with count nouns. 23. DIFFER IN- disagree in opinion A LARGE AMOUNT OF – used with non-count DIFFER WITH- disagree with a person nouns. 24. IN BEHALF OF- for the benefit of; in the interest of LIST OF IDIOMS Add fuel to the fire To worsen the situation Add insult to injury To make a bad situation worse for someone by doing something else to upset them Anybody’s game A contest where everyone has an equal chance of winning At loss for words Unable to speak or explain Bad blood Enmity, hostility Beat around the bush avoid the main topic of discussion; to evade the issueA Beaten black and blue Beaten with visible bruises Catch with one’s pants down Catch off-guard, unprepared, or in an embarrassing situation Cheek by jowl Very close together Come to terms Reach an agreement; accept something difficult Down and out Lacking funds, resources, or prospects Dutch treat / Go Dutch An economical form of hospitality in which each person pay’s the other’s expenses, or which each pays is own expenses. Eat dirt Be humiliated Face the music Take punishment or unpleasant consequence Fair-weathered friend A friend who deserts you when you’re in trouble Fish story Improbable story said to be true Get hitched Get married Get the knack of Get used to Green-eyed monster Jealousy Have an eye for To be good at noticing something Heart of gold Generous and merciful in nature Hoist the white flag Surrender Hold your peace Keep silent; to hold one’s tongue In black and white Written, printed or photograph form In cahoots with In connivance with In cold blood Without showing emotion In good faith Sincere In hot water Serious trouble In the same boat Same situation Keep mum Keep quiet (and not tell anyone) Keep your nose clean Keep out of trouble Keep your spirits up Don’t give up; be optimistic Labor of love Inspired work Laughing matter A joke Lead a dog’s life Lead a miserable life Lay waste To devastate Let your hair down Loosen up Make a name for yourself Become well-known Make hay while the sun shines Make progress while there is still opportunities Mark my word Remember what I say Meet you halfway Compromise Mess around with To annoy Much ado about nothing Much excitement over a trifle New blood New people with new ideas Not born yesterday Not gullible Nurse a grudge (against) To feel resentful (against) Out on a limb In a precarious situation Paint the town red Have a good time Pass the buck Put the blame or responsibility on someone else Play safe Be careful Play with fire Engage in a dangerous activity Put our heads together Pool our ideas Rake in the money Collect huge sums of money with a little effort Right between the eyes In a vulnerable spot Rub elbows Meet casually Save your skin Save your life See things your way Agree with you Seventh heaven A condition of perfect happiness Sharp tongue Critical or harsh manner of speaking Show your real face Show your real attitude Shrug it off Disregard Skin deep Superficial Soak the rich Overcharge the wealthy Speak for everybody On behalf of everybody Straight from the horse’s mouth Direct for the source; credible Strange bedfellows Unusual companions Stand in your way To hinder Take heart Be more optimistic Taken aback Startled Take the rap To be punished Tell it to the Marines Interjection used as a reply to express doubt or disbelief Time of your life Pleasant or joyous occasion Tit for tat This for that; reciprocation Trailblazer A pioneer or innovator Turn the tables on you To reverse positions Turn yellow Become cowardly Under oath Obligated by promise Up in arms In violent opposition Walk on air To feel happiness on achieving success Weak stomach Inability to consume a variety of food Wear pants in the family Holds the dominant position in the family Your hands are clean Free of guilt FILIPINO MODULE Bahagi ng Pananalita I. Pangngalan (Noun) -salita o bahagi ng pangungusap na tumutukoy sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, pook, hayop, at pangyayari Uri ng Pangngalan  Ayon sa kahulugan/katangian  Pantangi (proper noun) -tumutukoy sa partikular o tiyak na ngalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, lugar, kathang-isip, o pangyayari. -nagsisimula sa malaking titik -hal. Jose Rizal, Luneta, Bathala.  Pambalana (common noun) -tumutukoy sa pangkaraniwan o pangkalahatang ngalan ng tao, hayop, lugar, bagay, kaisipan at pangyayari. -nagsisimula sa maliit na titik. -hal. bayani, aso, katamisan, pagdiriwang, pusa  Uri ng Pambalana: o Konkreto -pambalanang nakikita o nahahawakan hal.bundok o Di-konkreto -pambalanang nararamdaman lamang hal.pagmamahal  Ayon sa kayarian  Tahas -naranasan ng isa sa limang pandamdam at may katangiang pisikal. -hal. tubig, bundok, pagkain  Basal -kaisipan o konsepto na hindi nararanasan ng limang pandamdam at walang pisikal na katangian. -hal. wika, yaman, buhay  Hango -nilapian -hal. kaisipan, salawikain, katapangan  Lansak -tumutukoy sa isang kalipunan o karamihan. Maaaring maylapi o wala. -hal. madla, sangkatauhan, kapuluan  Patalinghaga -ang salita ay may iba pang kahulugan/hindi tuwirang patungkol sa bagay -hal. buwaya (imbis na kurakot), langit (imbis na ligaya), kababuyan (imbis na kasalaulaan)  Ayon sa kasarian  Panlalaki -pari, hari, tatay, kuya, manong, tandang (lalaking manok), kalaykan (lalaking kalabaw)  Pambabae -madre, reyna, nanay, ate, libay (usang babae)  Di tiyak -tumutukoy sa ngalang maaring babae o lalaki hal. guro, estudyante  Walang Kasarian -ngalang tumutukoy sa bagay na walang buhay hal. upuan  Ayon sa kaanyuan  Payak -hindi inuulit, walang panlapi, o katambal -hal. talumpati, watawat, ligalig  Maylapi -binubuo ng salitang-ugat na may panlapi sa unahan, gitna, hulihan o magkabila. -hal. sinigang, inihaw, tindahan, palakasan  Inuulit -inuulit na maaaring may panlapi o salitang-ugat lamang. -hal. tau-tauhan, bagay-bagay, bali-balita  Tambalan -binubuo ng dalawang salitang magkaiba na pinagsasama upang maging isa at may gitling sa pagitan nito. -hal. kisap-mata, bahay-kubo, bantay-salakay, bukas-palad  Ayon sa Kaukulan  Palagyo (subjective) 1. Simuno/paksa 2. Kaganapang pansimuno 3. Pamuno sa simuno 4. Pantawag 5. Pamuno sa kaganapang pansimuno  Palayon (objective) 1. Layon ng pang-ukol 2. Layon ng pandiwa 3. Tagaganap ng pandiwang balintiyak  Paari (possessive) II. Panghalip (Pronoun) - salita o katagang panghalili o pamalit sa pangngalan.  Uri  Panao (personal pronoun) - panghalili sa ngalan ng tao. Panauhan/ Palagyo Paukol Paari kailanan (subjective) (objective) (possessive) Isahan Una ako Ko akin Ikalawa ikaw, ka Mo iyo Ikatlo siya Niya kanya Dalawahan Una kata, kita, tayo nita, natin kanita, atin Ikalawa kayo ninyo inyo Ikatlo sila nila kanila Maramihan Una kami namin amin Ikalawa kayo ninyo inyo Ikatlo sila niya kanila  Pamatlig (demonstrative pronouns) - humahalili sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, atbp. na itinuturo. paukol paturol paari patulad pahimaton gamit kapag dito, dine ire, yari, nire, nito ganito, ere, eto, malapit sa ito ganire heto nagsasalita diyan iyan, niyan ganyan ayan, mas yaan hayan malapit sa kausap doon iyon, noon, ganoon, ayun, malayo sa yaon niyon gayon hayun nag-uusap  Pananong (interrogative pronouns) - panghalili sa ngalan ng tao, bagay, atbp na ginagamit sa pagtatanong. Isahan Maramihan sino sinu-sino anu- ano ano alin-alin alin kani-kanino kanino ilan-ilan ilan  Panaklaw (indefinite pronouns) - ginagamit upang maipakita ang dami, kaisahan o kalahatan ng pangngalan. isa alinman iba sinuman balana ilanman lahat kailanman tanan saanman madla gaanuman pawa magkanuman anuman kuwan III. Pantukoy (Article) - nagpapakilala sa pangngalan  Pantangi (proper) isahan maramihan si sina ni nina kay kina  Pambalana (common) isahan maramihan ang ang mga sa sa mga ng ng mga IV. Pandiwa (Verb) - nagsasaad ng kilos o galaw. Ito ay nagpapakilos o nagbibigay-buhay sa isang lipon ng mga salita.   Aspekto ng Pandiwa  Perpektibo - ang kilos ay natapos na o naganap na  Imperpektibo - ang kilos ay nasimulan na pero hindi pa natatapos  Kontemplatibo - ang kilos ay hindi pa nasisimulan kundi iniisip o binabalak lamang. V. Pangngalang Diwa - nagbibigay ngalan sa kilos na taglay ng pandiwa panlapi paraan ng pagbuo pandiwa pang.diwa um pag- + SU tumalakay pagtalakay mag magsabi pagsasabi mang pag- + unang pantig ng SU + SU mang-akit pang-aakit in/hin sabihin pagsasabi magka pagkaka- + SU magkaisa pagkakaisa an/han puntahan pagpunta maka pag- + SU makatawag pagtawag ma maisip pag-isip VI. Pang-angkop - nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita  na - ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa katinig ...ng - ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa patinig ...g - ang naunang salita ay nagtatapos sa titik n VII. Pang-uri (Adjective) - nagsasaad ng katangian. Ito ay naglalarawan sa pangngalan o panghalip.  Kaantasan  Lantay - tinutukoy ang basal na katangian ng pangngalan o panghalip na tinuturingan.  Pahambing - kapag may pinagtutulad o pinaghahambing. 1. Magkatulad - ito ay ginagamitan ng mga panlaping kapwa, gaya, paris, tulad, pareho, kahawig, magkasing-, kasing-, magsing- at iba pa. 2. Di-magkatulad a. Pasahol - paghahambing ng maliit o sahol sa nakakalamang at ginagamitan ng mga katagang di-gaanong at di- gasinong na may katuwang na tulad ni/ng o gaya ni/ng b. Palamang - paghahambing ng malaki o nakakalamang sa maliit at ginagamitan ng mga katagang mas, lalong, higit pa at iba pa.  Pasukdol - nagpapahayag ng pamumukod ng katangiang inilalahad at ginagamitan ng mga katagang di hamak na, lubhang, totoong, sukdulan ng, ubod ng, napaka at, pinaka-.  Uri  Panlarawan - nagsasaad ng katangian ng tao, hayop, bagay o lugar.  Pamilang 1. Patakaran o Kardinal - ginagamit sa pagbilang o pagsasaad ng dami. Ex. Isa, sangmilyon a. Pamahagi - may kabuuang ibinabahagi o pinaghahati-hati. Ginagamitan ng panlaping ika- na tinatambalan ng salitang bahagi. Ex. Ikawalong bahagi. b. Palansak - nagsasaad ng bukod sa pagsasama-sama ng anumang bilang Ex. Walu-walo, waluhan 2. Panunuran o Ordinal - ginagamit sa pagpapahayag ng pagkakasunod-sunod ng tao o bagay. May panlaping ika- o pang-. a. Pahalaga - halaga ng salapi b. Patakda - saktong bilang c. Pamahagi - fraction VII. Pang-abay (Adverb) - naglalarawan sa pandiwa, pang-uri o kapwa pang-abay. Uri ng Pang-abay  Ingklitik - kataga upang bigyang diin ang pandiwa, pang-uri at pang-abay ba sana yata lamang/lang kasi daw/raw pala man kaya din/rin tuloy muna na naman nga pa  Pamanahon - kailan naganap, nagaganap o magaganap ang kilos  Panlunan - lugar na pinagganapan, pinaggaganapan o paggaganapan ng kilos.  Pamaraan - naglalahad kung pano isinagawa, isinasagawa o isasagawa ang kilos.  Pang-agam - nagsasaad ng pag-aalinlangan at di-katiyakan ng kilos na ipinahahayag Panang-ayon - nagsasaad ng pagsang-ayon  Pananggi - nagsasaad ng pagtanggi  Panggaano - nagsasaad ng timbang o sukat o bilang o dami.   Pamitagan - nagsasaad ng paggalang  Pananhi - nagsasaad ng dahilan sa pagganap ng kilos.  Benepaktibo - nagsasaad ng benepisyo para sa isang tao dahil sa pagganap ng kilos. IX. Pang-ukol (Prepositions) - nag-uugnay sa isang pangngalan sa iba pang salita sa pangungusap Ex. ng, ni/nina, kay/kina, ayon sa/kay, para sa/kay X. Pangatnig (Conjunctions) - nag-uugnay ng dalawang salita, parirala o sugnay na pinapagsunud-sunod sa pangungusap  panimbang - nag-uugnay ng magkakapantay na salita hal: at, o, ngunit  pamukod - maging, o, ni  paninsay - ang unang bahagi ay kasalungat ng kabila hal: subalit, kahit, bagaman  panubali - nagbabakasakali hal : sana, kapag, sakali  pananhi - sanhi o dahilan hal : sapagkat, kung kaya  panlinaw - nililinaw ang nasabi na hal : kung ganoon, anupa't, samakatuwid  panulad - pagtulad hal : kung saan…doon din, kung ano…siya rin  panapos - nagsasaad ng wakas hal : upang, nang, sa lahat ng ito Wastong Gamit ng Salita  Titik d at titik r  kung ang titik d ay nasa gitna ng dalawang patinig, gawin itong r. (dati-rati, marami-rami)  kung ang titik sa unahan ng din, dito, diyan, doon at daw ay patinig, palitan ang d ng r. (Halika rito. Pupunta raw sila riyan.)  g at ng  huwag tanggalin ang g kung ang pantig ay nagtatapos sa ng. (manananggal, panggitara)  gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa m kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa b o p. (mambobola, magkasimbait)  gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa ng kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa katinig *hindi kasama ang d, l ,r, s, t, b at p* (kasinghaba, magkasingsungit)  gamitin ang unlaping nagtatapos sa n kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa d, l ,r, s at t. (kasindilaw, magkasinsungit)  gamitin ang ng- (ng na may gitling "-") kung ang salitang-ugat ay nagsisimula sa patinig. (kasing-asul, laping-apat)  may at mayroon  ang may ay ginagamit kung ang kasunod nitong salita ay pangngalan, pang-uri, pang-abay o pandiwa. Sa iba pang uri ng salita ginagamit ang mayroon.  Sila, nila, sina at nina  Ang sila at nila ay panghalip - panghahalili sa pangngalan. Ang sina at nina ay pantukoy - sinusundan ng pangngalan  Nang at ng  ang nang ay ginagamit bilang pangatnig, madalas itong sinusundan ng pang-uri. Ang ng ay ginagamit bilang pang-ukol o pantukoy, sinusundan ito ng pangngalan.  Taga, taga-, maka, maka-  Ang taga at maka ay sinusundan ng pangngalang pambalana. Ang taga- at maka- ay sinusundan ng pangngalang pantangi. hal. Makamahirap, tagabayan & maka-Jollibee, taga-Makati  Ika- at ika  Ang ika- ay sinusundan ng numero. Ang ika ay sinusundan ng numerong isinulat sa pangalan nito. hal. Ikaapat & ika-10  Pahirin/Pahiran  Pahirin - punasan  Pahiran - lagyan  Subukin/Subukan  Subukin - tikman  Subukan - subaybayan  Iwan/Iwanan  Iwan - pagtitira  Iwanan - huwag isama  Walisin/Walisan  Walisin - alisin ang dumi  Walisan -alisan  Alisin/Alisan  Alisin - tanggalin  Alisan - tanggalan  Hagdan/Hagdanan  Hagdan - akyatan na baitang  Hagdanan - lalagyan ng hagdan  Hanapin/Hanapan  Hanapin - tingnan kung nasaan  Hanapan - maghanap kay/sa  Pinto/Pintuan  Pinto - matitinag na table   Pintuan - daanan ng gusali  Abutan/Abutin  Abutan - bigyan  Abutin - kunin  Ganito/Ganire  Ganito - pormal na anyo; isang instruksyon o pagbibigay panuto sa isang kinakausap\  Ganire - lalawigang gamit  Niyakap/Yinakap  Ang mga salitang ugat na nagsismula sa "y" at "l" ay naglilipat ng panlapi- mula sa gitlapi ay nagiging unlapi. o salitang ugat: "yakap" o panlapi: mula sa gitlaping "-in-", patungo sa unlaping "ni-" o iba pang halimbawa: "nilapat" at hindi "linapat" IBA PA: Sumindi-isang penomenong pagbukas ng isang ilaw na walang intervensyon ng tao Niyon-panghalip at pang-uring pamatlig Sinindihan-pagbukas ng ilaw na mayroong intervensyon ng Noon-pang-abay na pamanahon at pangatnig tao Kina-anyong pangmaramihan ng "kay" Ipambayad-pagbibigay ng isang bagay bilang kabayaran Kila-varayti lamang ng "kina" Ipagbayad-pagbabayad para sa isang tao IDYOMA - salita/pariralang taliwas ang kahulugan sa tunay na kahulugan nito.  magsagap ng alimuom - tsismis  maikli ang pisi - hindi sapat ang panggastos  iguhit sa tubig - kalimutan  kapit tuko - mahigpit ang kapit  pampataba ng puso - nagpapasaya  kapit sa patalim - gumawa ng lahat ng makakaya maging  nagmumurang kamyas - matandang nagpapabata masama man ito  nagliliyab ang mata - galit na galit  magsunog ng kilay - maglamay sa pag-aaral  may uod sa katawan - taong di mapakali  magpatulo ng pawis - magtrabaho  walang ilaw ang mata - bulag  maglubid ng buhangin - magsinungaling  nagbibilang ng poste - walang trabaho  magsulat sa hangin - magtala, ngunit mawawala rin  anakpawis - dukha  nagsaulian ng kandila - binale-wala ang samahan dahil  bahag ang buntot - malaki ang takot sa galit  balat-kalabaw - walang hiya  paniningalang pugad - panliligaw  balat-sibuyas - mahiyain  kastilyong buhangin - pangarap na madaling gumuho  basag ang pula - walang silbi  magpahigop ng mainit na sabaw - maghanda sa kasal  kaibigang putik - hindi tapat  dinoktor - dinaya  kalatog-pinggan - laging naghihintay ng handaan  suntok sa buwan - imposibleng maganap   ningas-kugon - malaki ang interes sa simula na kaagad wala sa kalingkingan - hindi maihalintulad nawawala  umutang ng buhay - pumatay ng tao  may hangin sa ulo - mayabang  matang manok - malabo ang mata SAWIKAIN -salita o lupon ng salita na may matalinhagang kahulugan. -Bahagi ito ng katutubong kaalamang nagpasalin-salin na at naging bukambibig ng bayan. A. Mga Sawikain Tungkol sa Tao bukas ang aklat ng buhay - walang inililihim anak-pawis - dukha; mula sa sector ng manggagawa butas ang bulsa - walang pera bahag ang buntot - matindi ang pagkatakot buto't balat - taong pagkapayat-payat balat-kalabaw - walang hiya kaibigang putik - hindi tapat na kaibigan balat-sibuyas - taong madaling masaktan kalapating mababa ang lipad - babaeng may reputasyon basa ang papel - hindi maganda ang record (masama) basang-sisiw - kaawa-awa kalatog-pinggan - taong laging nag-aabang ng handaan o basag ang pula - walang silbi; inutil kainan buhay ang loob - matapang kaututang dila - kapalagayang loob bukas ang palad - maawain; handang tumulong sa dugong bughaw - sa lahi ng pamilyang maharlika o marangal nangangailangan hampas-lupa - palaboy; laging nasa lansangan at umaasa malikot ang kamay - magnanakaw lang sa iba makati ang dila - madaldal hinahabol ng barbero - mahaba ang buhok at dapat ng magaan ang kamay - madaling mamalo gupitan matang-manok - malabo ang mata isang kahig, isang tuka - sapat lang ang kinikita para sa matigas ang ulo - sutil; mahirap pasunurin pagkain may gatas pa sa labi - bata at wala pang kamuwang- maikli ang pisi - hindi sapat ang panggastos muwang sa buhay  may hangin ang ulo - mayabang B. Mga Sawikaing Naglalarawan ng Kilos malabnaw ang utak - mahina ang ulo bilugin ang ulo - lokohin nakahiga sa salapi - mayaman buhatin ang sariling bangko - purihin ang sarili nagbibilang ng poste - walang trabaho kalamayin ang loob - magpakatatag; tanggapin nang nagmumurang kamyas - matandang nagpapabata maluwag sa dibdib ningas-kugon - matindi ang interes sa simula na kaagad kapit-tuko - mahigpit ang kapit nawawala kumapit sa patalim - gumawa ng lahat ng makakaya pati na parang aso't pusa - laging nag-aaway ang paggawa ng masama dahil sa kagipitan panakip-butas - panghalili kumukulo ang dugo - nagagalit parang biniyak na bunga - magkamukhang-magkamukha dinadaan sa bibig - panay salita ngunit kulang sa gawa patay-gutom - mahirap na mahirap ibangon ang puri - ibalik sa dati ang nadungisang puri sakit ng ulo - suliranin; malaking alalahanin ipagtirik ng kandila - ipagdasal walang preno ang bibig - madaldal ligaw-tingin - panliligaw na hindi nagsasalita lumitaw ang tunay na kulay - magpakita ng tunay na ugali magsunog ng kilay - maglamay sa pag-aaral magpatulo ng pawis - magtrabaho maglubid ng buhangin - magsinungaling C. Mga Sari-saring Sawikain mapagtanim - hindi maalis ang galit kastilyong buhangin - pangarap na madaling gumuho nagdilang anghel - nagkatotoo ang sinasabi kuwentong barbero - balitang hindi dapat paniwalaan nagpuputok ang butse - naiinis dinaanan ng bagyo - sira-sira nagpantig ang tainga - biglang nagalit dinoktor - dinaya ang mga papeles nagsaulian ng kandila - binale-wala ang pagkukumpare dumanak ng dugo - magkapatayan dahil sa galit o away guhit ng palad - kapalaran pagbuhatan ng kamay - saktan hulog ng langit - swerte tumayo ang balahibo - nahintakutan magpahigop ng mainit na sabaw - maghanda sa kasal nagtataingang kawali - nagbibingibingihan paniningalang-pugad - panliligaw Mga Kasanayan sa Pag-unawa ng Tekstong Pasulat pagbuhatan ng kamay - saktan may pakpak ang balita - mabilis kumalat ang balita mitsa ng buhay - dahilan ng pagkakamatay sumakabilang-buhay - namatay suntok sa buwan - imposibleng maganap wala sa kalingkingan - hindi maihahambing; palayo sa pinagtutularan umutang ng buhay - pumatay ng tao a. Paghula sa kahulugan ng nawawala o di-kilalang salita batay sa konteksto -Gumamit ng mga clues gaya ng kayarian ng salita at pagkakaugnay-ugnay. b. Paghanap ng pamaksang pangungusap -Tukuyin ang kinaroroonan ng pangungusap na nagsisilbing paglalahad o generalization; madalas ito ay nasa unahan, gitna, o hulihan ng talata. c. Pagbibigay ng pangunahing ideya -Ano ang nais sabihin o talakayin ng awtor tungkol sa paksa? -karaniwang matatagpuan sa pamaksang pangungusap d. Pag-alam sa paksa -Tungkol saan ang inilalahad o tinatalakay sa teksto? -maaaring ipinahihiwatig o tuwirang isinasaad ng pamagat, pamaksang pangungusap, o ilustrasyon ng teksto e. Pagklasipika ng mga ideya sa pangunahing paksa at mga detalye -Ikategorya ang mga salita o ideya ayon sa kaugnayan ng bawat isa; tukuyin ang panlahat na ideya at espisipikong ideya. f. Pagkilala sa hulwaran ng organisasyon -Bigyang tuon ang mga salitang naghuhudyat o nagsisignal ng hulwarang ginamit ng awtor (enumerasyon, sanhi at bunga, comparison at kontras, order o pagsusunod-sunod (pagsusunud-sunod) problema at solusyon) -Pag-isipan kung paano isinasaayos ng awtor ang kaniyang mga ideya or impormasyon sa teksto. g. Pagbibigay ng konklusyon -Pagsama-samahin ang mga ideya at impormasyon mula sa iba't ibang bahagi ng teksto at paghango ng bago o karagdagang ideya h. Pagbuo ng hinuha at pagtukoy ng patunay -Pag-isipang mabuti ang posibleng nangyari, hakbang na ginawa o gagawin ng tauhan batay sa mga pahiwatig ng awtor.  READING COMPREHENSION MODULE Tips in Answering Reading Comprehension Questions: 1. If the passage has a title, read it to get an idea about what the passage is all about. 2. Read the opening part of the passage that typically contains the main idea and any background information about the passage, 3. Skim through the succeeding parts of the passage and take note of the main ideas and facts provided. 4. Read the questions after the passage and answer as many questions as you can. Whenever necessary to verify your answer, return to the passage. All the data being asked are in the passage. 5. Eliminate choices which are either clearly wrong or false according to the passage and choose the best answer. REMEMBER: 1. When you can answer the question straightaway, there’s no need to return to the passage. 2. The order of the questions are the same as the order of the passage. The first questions are answerable using the data provided in the first part of the passage. 3. Answer one passage at a time. 4. Apply the elimination process in questions asking for the meaning of the word, its synonym, or antonym. Use your skill in recognizing context clues. 5. Every question is answerable by the data provided in the passage. 6. Follow what is stated in the passage. Don’t abide by rational thinking because there may be answers that oppose facts but is correct according to the passage. 7. Draw conclusions and infer using the ideas and data in the passage. Questions regarding the author’s message and a substitute title for the passage may be asked. 8. To make interferences, read between the lines. Search for metaphorical language and descriptive words to examine the author’s mood, their tone, and the purpose of writing the passage. 9. For coherence, identify the relationship between the sentences by arranging the sentences into some rational and distinguishable order, depending on the kind of material in the paragraph. The four general principles of organization are Chronological Order (e.g. narration, process, cause & effect), Spatial Order (e.g. descriptions, illustrations) , Climatic Order (e.g. comparison & contrast, analogy), and Topical Order (e.g. classification & division, definition). 10. Identify unnecessary sentences by searching for sentences that do not assist the rest of the sentences and the direction that the ideas are taking.