History of the Age of Exploration & Enlightenment PDF

What was Machiavelli’s view of good government? - the government is founded upon the weakness and insufficient capacity of men What were the primary motivations for the Age of Exploration? - God, glory, and gold What abuses within the Catholic Church did Martin Luther and other reformers protested a...

What was Machiavelli’s view of good government? - the government is founded upon the weakness and insufficient capacity of men What were the primary motivations for the Age of Exploration? - God, glory, and gold What abuses within the Catholic Church did Martin Luther and other reformers protested against? - the church's greed but to the very idea of indulgences Identify Martin Luther and John Calvin’s stance on indulgences, salvation, and source for authority/ word of God: - both rejected indulgences, viewing them as unbiblical. - They emphasized salvation by faith alone ("sola fide"), though Calvin added the concept of predestination. - Both believed the Bible was the ultimate source of authority ("sola scriptura"), rejecting papal power. What was the impact of the 30 Years’ War on the Holy Roman Empire? - significantly weakened the Holy Roman Empire, effectively dissolving its central authority by granting individual states within the Empire almost complete sovereignty How did Louis XIV embody the absolute monarch characteristic of warfare for territorial expansion? - actively engaging in a series of wars throughout his reign, using his complete authority to conquer neighboring territories and significantly increase the size of France through military campaigns, often motivated by a desire for personal glory and the consolidation of French power in Europe What were the results of the English Civil War? - the execution of King Charles I, the establishment of a short-lived republic known as the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell's leadership, and ultimately the restoration of the monarchy with Charles II, significantly limiting the power of the monarch and solidifying Parliament's authority in English government What were the results of the Glorious Revolution? - establishment of a constitutional monarchy in England, significantly limiting the power of the King and granting Parliament greater authority over the government Explain the connection between the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. - The Scientific Revolution directly paved the way for the Enlightenment by promoting a reliance on reason, empirical observation, and critical thinking, which then became the core tenets of Enlightenment philosophy, leading thinkers to apply these scientific methods, reason, and logic to examine society, government, and human nature, seeking to create a more rational and progressive world based on logic rather than solely religious authority Explain the relationship between the Enlightenment and the view of progress. - its core belief in the power of human reason and critical thinking led to a widespread optimism that humanity could continuously improve and advance through intellectual and societal development, creating a linear view of history where progress is seen as an attainable goal through rational application of knowledge and institutions - Everything in society, including gov’t, social structure, etc., should be redesigned so it fit the view of being “logical and reasonable” How did Protestants influence education? - initiated by Martin Luther, Protestantism made strenuous efforts to expand schooling Explain English activity in India in the 1700s. - The British East India Company gradually expanded their influence in India. They started as traders, but after key victories like the Battle of Plassey (1757), they gained political control over vast regions, marking the beginning of British colonial rule. Explain the changes in reading in the 1700s. - reading became more widespread due to the Rise of Printing and the growth of publishing. Books, pamphlets, and newspapers became more affordable and accessible, leading to the spread of new ideas, especially during the Enlightenment, and a growing reading public, including women and the middle class. - Reading became educational, for fun, informational - Almanacs w/ how to farm/build/etc, books w/ jokes, fairy tales Describe the political, economic, and ideological causes of the French Revolution. - an absolute monarchy with poor leadership, severe economic issues including crippling debt and food shortages, and ideological influences from the Enlightenment What parts of the French Revolution did Napoleon spread to the parts of Europe he conquered? - Legal equality (e.g., the Napoleonic Code) - Abolition of feudalism - Religious tolerance - Merit-based government and military promotions - Nationalism and centralization of power.