World History Grade 11 Unit 1 Exam Materials PDF

Unit 1 Exam Materials Course: World History Class: Grade 11 Lesson 1: Age of Exploration: Before exploration from 1400 onwards, many believed:  The earth was flat  The seas further south were boiling  The seas were full of monsters  The world was smaller than it was ...

Unit 1 Exam Materials Course: World History Class: Grade 11 Lesson 1: Age of Exploration: Before exploration from 1400 onwards, many believed:  The earth was flat  The seas further south were boiling  The seas were full of monsters  The world was smaller than it was  Causes of the Age of Exploration:  New Trade Routes  Greed, power and glory  To spread Religion  Demand for spices and food  New technology: Caravel ships were small, faster, stronger, and could go further.  Navigation aids:   1-Compass: For Directions  2-Log and line: Measures speed  3-Accurate Maps: The Portuguese maps were the best in Europe. Other countries sent spies to try to rob them. The First Portuguese Navigators were:  Prince Henry the Navigator - Got as far as Sierra Leone.  Bartholomew Diaz - Got as far as the southern tip of Africa.  Vasco de Gama - Went the furthest East and got to Asia.  Portugal’s explorers had discovered sea routes to the east.  They established trade links with Africa and brought slaves and gold back to Europe.  The Portuguese claimed all lands along the African coast. When the Portuguese got as far as Asia, they bought back.  Spices, Silk, Precious stones. Lesson 2: Age of Exploration: Spain and Portugal lead the way:  Spain and Portugal competed against each other to see who could be the most powerful.   They had the best shipbuilders and easy access to the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Africa. In 1492, Christopher Columbus, with three ships (the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria), Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 for a few key reasons: 1. Trade Route to Asia: Columbus aimed to find a faster route to Asia (India, China, and Japan) by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean. At the time, European traders were seeking new ways to reach Asia's riches (spices, silk, and gold) since overland routes were long and dangerous, and the Portuguese controlled the traditional sea routes around Africa. 2. Spain's Support: After being rejected by Portugal and other kingdoms, Columbus received funding from Spain's monarchs, Ferdinand and Isabella, who were eager to expand their empire and wealth. Results of Columbus's Voyage: 1. "Discovery" of the Americas: Columbus did not reach Asia as he expected. Instead, he landed in the Bahamas, unknowingly encountering a "New World" that Europeans were unaware of: the Americas.  2. Colonization and Exchange: His voyages led to the European colonization of the Americas, which had enormous consequences, including the Columbian Exchange and the widespread transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World. 3. Impact on Indigenous Peoples: Columbus's arrival also had devastating effects on the indigenous populations, leading to the spread of diseases like smallpox, the enslavement of many Native peoples, and the eventual loss of their lands. Results of Exploration:  Civilisations (Maya and Inca) were destroyed.  Natives robbed of their land.  Natives died from European diseases which were new to South America. They weren't immune to these diseases. They worked them to death.  They made slaves out of the natives.  The Spanish led brutal expeditions to South America.  The Spanish conquerors were also known as the “Conquistadors”.  Hernando Cortes & Francisco Pizarro were the most infamous. Aztec conquest   Hernando Cortes the Spanish conquistador discovered and conquered the Aztecs. Lesson 3: Age of Enlightenment: The Enlightenment began, most historians would probably concur, in mid-17th century, and peaked in the 18th century, when its real center was France, not (as in the Renaissance) Italy. The Enlightenment came much later, but it wouldn’t have been possible without the Renaissance and the Reformation (Improvement) The Renaissance (Rebirth), which first flourished in Italy and spread to much of Western Europe, saw a continuation of interest in classical philosophy, mathematics, and natural sciences that late medieval scholars had begun to revive in the 12th century. Thinkers Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679) John Locke (1632 – 1704) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712 – 1778) Baron de Montesquieu (1689 – 1755) Voltaire (1694 – 1778) Thomas Hobbes Hobbes has been used to justify absolute power in government. His view of human nature was pessimistic. Life without laws and controls would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.” Hobbes believed that a powerful government like an absolute monarchy was best for society – it would force order. It would also be able to suppress the rebellion. In nature, people were cruel, greedy, and selfish. They would fight, rob, and oppress (control) one another. To escape this, people would enter into a social contract: they would give up their freedom in return for the safety and order of an organization. His most famous work was called Leviathan. John Locke (1632 – 1704) John Locke was an academic whose thoughts and ideas can be found throughout our country’s earliest political documents, especially the Declaration of Independence. He expressed his view that the government must serve the people by protecting life, liberty (Freedom), and property. He also limited the government's power. He favored representative government and the rule of law. He also insisted that if the government fails to protect individual rights, then people should revolt.