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am doing all I can.... Patience , a little Vocabulary: patience. Courage!" Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror Scholars and students of history caballero -a small t...

am doing all I can.... Patience , a little Vocabulary: patience. Courage!" Conquistador - a Spanish conqueror Scholars and students of history caballero -a small tract of land included agree that the conflict between his in a land grant family and the Dominicans over the hacienda greatly affected Rizal. canon - a measure equal to 75 liters Presentation: hacienda - large estates that were used for raising livestock and agricultural Jose Rizal was in Hongkong when he production received distressing news about his inquilino – a tenat who rented land family who were, at that time, embroiled from the friars and subleased the land to in a litigation case concerning the sharecroppers Hacienda de Calamba. Scholars and students of history agree that the conflict principales - ruling elite class between his family and the Dominicans sharecropper ( kasama) - an individual over the hacienda greatly affected Rizal. who rented the land from an inquilino and worked the land BRIEF HISTORY OF FRIARS sitio de ganado mayor - a large tract of ESTATES IN THE PHILIPPINES: land included in a land grant The origin of the friars estates can be traced back to land grants awarded to the early Spanish conquistadores Introduction: who arrived in the Philippines during the late sixteenth and In 1891, Jose Rizal was in Hong early seventeenth centuries. Kong when he received distressing 120 Spaniards were given news about his family who are, at that grants that were often time, embroiled in a litigation case composed of a large tract of concerning the Hacienda de Calamba. land known as sitio de He heard that the Spanish authorities ganado mayor (measuring were summoning his mother , Dona 1,742 hectares) and smaller Teodora and two younger sisters tracts of land known as Josefa, and Trinidad, for further caballerias ( measuring 42.5 investigation. In a show of support , he hectares). wrote to his family, " I am following your The Spaniards hacenderos cavalry step by step. Do not be afraid , I failed to develop their lands for three reasons:  1. The Spanish purchased by the religious population in the orders themselves. Philippines was A number of Filipino transient. It was a principales also contributed common practice to the formation of the friar for Spanish estates through donations administrator to and sales. return to Spain Despite these methods , there after having served persisted a commonly held in the country. belief among the Filipinos that 2. The market for the religious orders had no livestock products, titles to their lands and that which haciendas they had acquired these lands offered, remained through usurpation or other relatively small until dubious means. the latter parts of Religious estates in the the Spanish Tagalog region continued to colonial period. grow that by the nineteenth 3. The Galleon Trade century, they constituted that was based in approximately 40 percent of Manila offered the provinces of Bulacan bigger economic ,Tondo (presently Rizal), rewards and Cavite ,and Laguna. attracted more Agrarian relations in the Spaniards. haciendas developed in the Spanish hacenderos lacked time. the interest and inclination to The sixteenth and develop their lands, the seventeenth centuries,the religious orders soon took social structure found in the over the task. haciendas was primarily Land was acquired by the composed of lay brother religious orders through administrators were under the various means. direct authority of the heads The lands were donated by of their religious orders, they Spaniards seeking spiritual were relatively free to make benefits. their own decisions on There were cases, too, in administrative affairs. which estates that had been Tenants on the other hand, heavily mortgaged to the were expected to work the ecclesiastics were eventually land and pay an annual rent,  which was usually a fixed to be exempted from the amount of harvest and in later responsibilities of forced labor centuries, money. demanded by the Spanish Mid-eighteenth century, an government. expanding economy based on The inquilino paid his rent to exporting agricultural crops the religious hacenderos and ushered in change and deducted his own share, the gradually put into place and remaining amount of income inquilino system. would then be divided among An individual rented land for a all the sharecroppers. fixed annual amount, known Change in the social structure as canon. and land tenure practices The inquilino or lessee was would eventually render the also expected to render haciendas as sites of personal services to his contestation among the landlords. Spanish religious hacenderos The inquilino failed to satisfy ,the inquilinos ,and the these requirements, he could sharecroppers. face expulsion from the land. The inquilino,in turn would sub-lease the land to a HACIENDA DE CALAMBA CONFLICT kasama or sharecropper who could then take on the task of 1759- Hacienda de Calamba cultivating the soil. owned by several Spanish A three - tiered system laymen emerged with the landlords 1759, a destitute Spanish at the top, the inquilinos at layman, Don Manuel the middle,and the Jauregui, donated the lands sharecroppers at the to the Jesuits on the condition bottom. that he would be allowed to The religious hacenderos live in the Jesuit monastery freed themselves from the for the rest of his life. social responsibilities borne 1803 - the government sold from direct interactions with the property to a Spanish the kasama. layman, Don Clemente de The sharecroppers, on the Azansa, for 44,507 pesos. other hand, benefitted from When Don Clemente died the arrangement because 1883 the Hacienda de Azansa their labor obligations to the which measured 16,424 religious estates allowed them hectares was purchased by  the Dominicans for 52,000 Most tenants, except for four pesos or five, were spared from Many families from eviction. neighboring towns had Charges against the friars migrated to the hacienda in continued with Rizal’s search of economic brother-in-law, Mariano opportunities Herboso, specially Among the families that complaining about the yearly arrived at the hacienda were increase in rentals, faulty Rizal’s ancestors, who irrigation systems, and failure eventually became one of the to issue receipts. principal inquilinos in the Coupled with these problems hacienda. was the fact that at this time, Rizal’s family rented one of the price of sugar continued the largest leased lands, to decline in the world market. measuring approximately 380 Paciano at one point, hectares. considering giving back his Sugar was a main commodity lands to the friars and clearing planted in the hacienda as land elsewhere there was a demand for the Problem continued to crop in the world market. escalate when in 1887, the 1883- Paciano Rizal wrote colonial government that the friars were collecting demanded from the tenants of rents without issuing the usual the hacienda a report on the receipts. income and production of the Two years later, the tenants state because they suspected failed to pay their tenants that the Dominicans were because the rent had evading payment of their supposedly increased while taxes. sugar prices had remained The tenants complied and low. To punish the tenants for submitted a report, but they not paying the rent, the also attached a petition Dominicans declared the authored by Jose Rizal. lands vacant and invited The petition presented a list of residents of other towns to grievances against the take over the tenancies. hacienda owners including a Only few outsiders responded complaint on the increasing to the Dominican’s invitation, amount of rent. the friars weakened their Some of the tenant began to positions. withhold rents.  As a form of retaliation, the friars began to evict tenants who refused to pay rent in 1891 Those who persisted still in resisting the friars were eventually expelled They were exiled to remote areas in the country were Rizal’s parents, brother, and sisters Rizal had worked on reversing the decision of the Philippine courts, his family’s exile would only be lifted upon the issuance of a decree from the another governor-general The experience affected Rizal deeply and the increasing despair he felt from the event would be reflected in his second novel, El Filibusterismo