Human Biology PDF

Tympanic membrane = Ear drum Infundibulum: Connects the hypothalamus Blood is a type of connective tissue. Separates external ear from middle ear to the pituitary gland. It’s made of 55% Plasma; 45% Hard Function: Catches sound, sends sound, Function:...

Tympanic membrane = Ear drum Infundibulum: Connects the hypothalamus Blood is a type of connective tissue. Separates external ear from middle ear to the pituitary gland. It’s made of 55% Plasma; 45% Hard Function: Catches sound, sends sound, Function: Hormone transport. elements. and protects the ear. ADH stored in posterior pituitary gland Plasma is made of water, proteins, It vibrates when sound waves hit it Produced by the Hypothalamus. nutrients, and hormones. (Mainly water, These vibrations are passed to the Raises blood pressure by conserving about 90%) ossicles (malleus, incus, and water (reduces urine production), stapes) which amplify the sound increasing blood volume. Hard elements: Red blood cells, white and send it to the middle ear blood cells, and platelets. It acts as a barrier; prevents dust, Glucagon water, and bacteria from entering Function: Made by the pancreas; Blood is higher in O2, lower in CO2. the middle ear. increases blood sugar by breaking down Interstitial fluid is lower in O2, higher in glycogen. CO2. Auditory ossicles Function: Makes sound vibrations Insulin Hemoglobin is a protein found in red stronger, and passes the vibrations to the Function: Made by the pancreas: lowers blood cells that carries oxygen and CO2. inner ear for the brain to pick up. blood sugar by promoting glucose uptake The heme component in the protein binds to oxygen because it's made out of iron. Increase the strength of vibrations FSH hormone from the eardrum Function: From the anterior pituitary Iron: Binds to oxygen in the lungs and They pass the vibrations to the gland; helps with sperm/egg production releases it in tissues where oxygen is inner ear (cochlea) where they are needed for cellular respiration (make turned into nerve signals for the Calcitonin: From the thyroid; lowers blood energy) brain. calcium levels Blood types: Auditory tube Parathyroid hormone: From parathyroid; Antigens: A, B, AB, and O Function: Provides connection between increases blood calcium. Antibodies: Type A has anti-B antibodies tympanc cavity and nasopharynx to Type B has anti-A antibodies equalize air pressure. Renin: Released by the kidneys; Type AB has no antibodies against A or B Increases blood pressure. It stimulates (universal recipient) the adrenal glands to release Type O has both anti-A and anti-B Aldosterone. Retains sodium and water. antibodies (universal donor)  ANP: Released by the heart; lowers blood Hair cells = located in the organ of Corti pressure by supressing the release of White blood cells types: Function: Detect vibrations in the inner renin, aldosterone, and ADH. Promotes ear sodium excretion. Neutrophils: First responders, Change vibrations into nerve phagocytosis, shape of nucleus is signals, which go to the brain to Calcitriol: Released by kidneys; helps with multi-lobed. interpret sound. calcium absorption when calcium and phosphate levels in the blood are low. Lymphocytes: Immunity (B-cells, T-cells) Layers of the eye: Outer (sclera, cornea) Parathyroid is released, which stimulates shape of nucleus is round. middle (choroid), inner (retina). the kidneys to convert the inactive form of vitamin D into Calcitriol. Monocytes: Large, become macrophages, Photoreceptors are found in the retina shape of nucleus is kidney-like. The hypothalamus is connected to the Rods: Night vision; detects black and anterior pituitary gland through blood Eosinophils: Fight parasites, allergies and white vesskes (hypophyseal portal system) shape of nucleus is bi-lobed. Cones: Day vision; detects color The hypothalamus is connected to the Basophils: Release histamine, deal with The Optic Disc is a blind spot where optic posterior pituitary gland through direct inflammation, nucleus is usually hidden nerve leaves the eye. nerve connection. (stores ADH, oxytocin) due to all the granules. Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus: Platelets are cell fragments for clotting; Role of Erythropoietic in erythropoiesis ADH and Oxytocin They are shed from megakaryocytes, Erythropoietin is a hormone from the ADH (water retention) and Oxytocin which are found in the bone marrow. kidneys that stimulates red blood cell (uterine contractions & milk ejection) production. What is a hematopoietic stem cell Hormones secreted by the Thyroid: Hematopoietic stem cells produce all Why nucleus is ejected in RBCs T3 and T4 blood cells in bone marrow. Red blood cells lose their nucleus to carry more oxygen. TSH comes from: Anterior pituitary gland The pulmonary circuit carries blood Function: Stimulates T3 and T4 between heart and lungs. Drop off CO2 production. and pick up O2 The systemic circuit carries blood between heart and body. Drop off O2 and pick up CO2  Coronary arteries: Supply blood to the Capillaries are the smallest vessels; heart muscle. The pericardium is a protective sac exchange gases, nutrients, and waste. around the heart. A cavity. Which consists Arterioles and venules are the vessels Coronary veins: Draim blood from heart of two parts: that connect to the capillaries. muscle. Fibrous pericardium and serous Intercalated discs: connect cardiac Coronary sinus: Large vein collecting pericardium muscle cells; allow for synchronized blood from coronary veins. contraction. Visceral layer = Epicardium: Inner layer; Ear structures and functions: attached to the surface of the heart. Gap junctions: Channels in intercalated Parietal layer: Outer layer; adjacent to the discs for electrical signals. Cardiac Auricle: Outer ear; collects sound. fibrous pericardium. muscle cells are connected by gap External acoustic meatus: Canal carrying junctions. sound to eardrum. The space between the two serous layers Tympanic membrane: Vibrates with is called the pericardial cavity which is Interventricular sulcus: Groove separating sound. filled with: Serous fluid: Percardial fluid. the heart’s ventricles. Auditory ossicles: Amplify sound vibrations. The fluid helps to reduce friction when the Heart consists of three layers: Tensor tympani: Muscle dampening loud heart beats. Epicardium: Outer sounds. Myocardium: Middle and thickest Auditory tube: Balances ear pressure Endocardium: Inner and thinnest Cochlea: Spiral organ for hearing Vestibule: Balance and spatial orientation Sound detection: Organ of Corti: Contains hair cells for Sound waves enter the external hearing acoustic meatus Basilar membrane: Supports organ of The tympanic membrane vibrates Corti, moves with sound waves/ Causes the vibration of the ossicles The stapes vibrates against the oval window of the scala tympani Pressure waves created by vibrations at the oval window travel through the perilymph Pressure waves distort the basilar  membrane of the scala media Vibrations cause movement of the hair cells against the tectorial membrane This movement stimulates the hair cells, releasing neurotransmitters to depolarize the sensory neurons Impulses are sent to the brain via cochlear nerve (branch of Vestibulocochlear nerve).