Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology PDF

Introduction Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology LOREM IPSUM Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts DOLOR SIT AMET, Gross anatomy: Large structures CONSECTETUER Easily observable ADIPISCING ELIT2 Microscopic anatomy: Ver...

Introduction Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy & Physiology LOREM IPSUM Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts DOLOR SIT AMET, Gross anatomy: Large structures CONSECTETUER Easily observable ADIPISCING ELIT2 Microscopic anatomy: Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function Structural Organization Levels LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT Integumentary AMET, System Forms the external body covering CONSECTETUER Protects deeper tissue from injury ADIPISCING and drying out ELIT2 Synthesizes vitamin D Location Lorem ofamet, ipsum dolor sit cutaneous nerve consectetuer receptors adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Skeletal SIT AMET, System Protects and supports body organs CONSECTETUER Provides muscle attachment for ADIPISCING movement ELIT2 Site of blood cell formation Stores Lorem minerals ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview Muscular System Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, Nervous System CONSECTETUER Fast acting control system Responds to internal and external ADIPISCING change ELIT2 Activates muscles and glands Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLORSystem Endocrine SIT AMET, Secretes regulatory hormones CONSECTETUER Growth ADIPISCING ReproductionELIT2 Metabolism Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT Cardiovascular AMET, System Transports materials in body via CONSECTETUER the blood pumped by the heart ADIPISCING Oxygen ELIT2 Carbon dioxide Nutrients Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing Wastes elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLORSystem Lymphatic SIT AMET, Returns fluids to blood vessels CONSECTETUER Disposes of debris ADIPISCING ELIT2 Involved in immunity by destroying bacteria and tumor cells Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLORSystem Respiratory SIT AMET, Keeps blood supplied with oxygen CONSECTETUER Removes carbon dioxide ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Digestive SIT AMET, System Breaks down food CONSECTETUER Allow for nutrient absorption into ADIPISCING blood ELIT2 Eliminates indigestible material Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR Urinary SIT AMET, System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes CONSECTETUER Maintains acid – base balance ADIPISCING ELIT2 Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Organ Systems Overview LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT Reproductive AMET, System Production of offspring CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding. LOREM IPSUM Exact terms are used for: Position DOLOR SIT AMET, Direction Regions CONSECTETUER Structures ADIPISCING ELIT2 Anatomical position: The body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer sides with adipiscing the palms elit. Maecenas facing porttitor congue forward. Directional Terms: It is used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another. Directional Terms LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Directional Terms LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Body Landmarks LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Body Planes LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Body Cavities LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Abdominopelvic Quadrants LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Other Body Cavities LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Characteristics of Life LOREM IPSUM Necessary Life Functions: Maintain Boundaries DOLOR SIT AMET, ✓ Keeps the body’s internal environment distinct from the CONSECTETUER external environment, the skin and membranes Movement ADIPISCING ✓ Locomotion ELIT2 ✓ Movement of substances Responsiveness Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer ✓ Ability adipiscing to sense elit. Maecenas changes porttitor congue and react Digestion ✓ Break-down and delivery of nutrients Characteristics of Life LOREM IPSUM Necessary Life Functions: Metabolism DOLOR SIT AMET, ✓ Production of energy CONSECTETUER ✓ Making body structures Excretion ADIPISCING ✓ Elimination of ELIT2 waste from metabolic reactions Reproduction Lorem✓ Production ipsum ofconsectetuer dolor sit amet, future generation ✓ Provides adipiscing elit. Maecenasnew cells porttitor for growth and repair congue Growth ✓ Increasing of cell size and number Characteristics of Life LOREM IPSUM Survival Needs: Nutrients DOLOR SIT AMET, ✓ Chemicals for energy and cell building CONSECTETUER ✓ Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals Oxygen ADIPISCING ELIT2 reactions ✓ Required for chemical Water Lorem✓ 60–80% ipsum dolor sitof body amet, weight consectetuer ✓ Provides adipiscing elit. Maecenasforporttitor metaboliccongue reaction Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Homeostasis LOREM IPSUM Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable DOLOR SIT AMET, internal environment or a dynamic state of equilibrium in a constantly changing CONSECTETUER external environment. ADIPISCING ELIT2 Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas Homeostatic porttitor congue Imbalance is a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease. Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM through neural and hormonal control The body communicates DOLOR systems SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER Components: 1. Variable* ADIPISCING ELIT2 The variable is the factor or event being regulated. 2. Receptor The ipsum Lorem receptor dolor sitisamet, a type of sensor that monitors and responds to the consectetuer changes adipiscing called stimuli elit. Maecenas by sending information (input) to the control porttitor congue center. Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM Components: DOLOR SIT AMET, 3. Control Center The control center determines the level (set point) at which a CONSECTETUER variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives ADIPISCING and then determinesELIT2 the appropriate response or a course of action. 4. Effector Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer The effector adipiscing provides elit. Maecenas the porttitor means for the control center’s response congue (output) to the stimulus. Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM Negative Feedback Mechanisms DOLOR This resultSIT whenAMET, a change in condition triggers action that reverses the change CONSECTETUER Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity ADIPISCING ELIT2 Positive Feedback Mechanisms This Lorem ipsumresult in amet, dolor sit having the body reacts to a change by amplifying it consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue Feedback Mechanisms LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT2 Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor congue