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Here’s a detailed list of definitions and explanations from the file **"UPPER EXTREMITIES 2024.pptx"**【13†source】: ### **1. Upper Extremities** - Refers to the upper limbs of the body, including the pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands. ### **2. Axial Skeleton** - The part of the s...

Here’s a detailed list of definitions and explanations from the file **"UPPER EXTREMITIES 2024.pptx"**【13†source】: ### **1. Upper Extremities** - Refers to the upper limbs of the body, including the pectoral girdle, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands. ### **2. Axial Skeleton** - The part of the skeleton along the central axis of the body. It includes the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. ### **3. Appendicular Skeleton** - The part of the skeleton that includes the limbs and girdles. It is composed of 126 bones divided into four sections: pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs. ### **4. Bone Shapes** - **Long Bones**: Longer than they are wide (e.g., arms, legs). - **Short Bones**: Roughly equal in length and width (e.g., wrist, ankle). - **Flat Bones**: Compressed in one dimension (e.g., skull, sternum). - **Irregular Bones**: Bones that don’t fit into other categories (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis). ### **5. Bone Structures** - **Epiphysis**: The ends of long bones. - **Diaphysis**: The shaft or central part of long bones. - **Articular Cartilage**: A smooth tissue covering the ends of bones where they form joints, reducing friction. - **Compact Bone**: Dense outer layer of bone. - **Spongy Bone**: Found inside the bone, consists of trabeculae (thin plates) aligned with stress directions. - **Marrow**: The innermost, hollow part of the bone, containing: - **Red Marrow**: Produces blood cells. - **Yellow Marrow**: Contains adipose tissue. ### **6. Pectoral Girdle** - **Composition**: The shoulder girdle, made up of the right and left scapulae (shoulder blades) and right and left clavicles (collarbones). ### **7. Scapula (Shoulder Blade)** - A triangular-shaped bone found on the upper back, with three borders (superior, medial/vertebral, lateral/axillary) and three angles (superior, inferior, lateral). - **Parts of the Scapula**: - **Coronoid Process**: A hook-like projection. - **Spine**: A prominent ridge running across the back of the scapula. - **Acromion**: An extension of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder. ### **8. Muscles Attached to the Scapula** - **Subscapularis**: Rotates the arm internally. - **Supraspinatus**: Abducts the arm. - **Infraspinatus**: Rotates the arm externally. - **Teres Minor**: Also helps with external rotation. - **Teres Major**: Assists with arm movement, originating from the lower part of the scapula. ### **9. Clavicle (Collarbone)** - A horizontally placed long bone connecting the scapula and sternum. - **Parts of the Clavicle**: - **Sternal End**: Blunt, attaches to the sternum. - **Acromial End**: Flattened, attaches to the scapula. - **Conoid Tubercle**: A small projection on the inferior surface of the clavicle. ### **10. Forearm** - The region between the elbow and the wrist, consisting of two bones: - **Radius**: The lateral bone (thumb side). - **Ulna**: The medial bone (pinky side). ### **11. Muscles of the Forearm** - **Pronator Teres**: Pronates (rotates internally) and flexes the forearm. - **Flexor Carpi Radialis**: Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist. - **Palmaris Longus**: Flexes the hand and tightens the palmar aponeurosis (absent in some individuals). - **Flexor Digitorum Superficialis**: Flexes fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints. - **Flexor Carpi Ulnaris**: Flexes and adducts the hand. ### **12. Humerus** - The longest and strongest bone of the upper limb, located in the upper arm. - **Head**: Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. - **Greater Tuberosity**: A large prominence on the upper part of the humerus, where muscles attach. - **Lesser Tuberosity**: Another prominence, for muscle attachment. - **Bicipital Groove**: A groove between the tuberosities where the biceps tendon runs. ### **13. Muscles of the Arm** - **Deltoid Muscle**: Covers the shoulder and is responsible for flexion, abduction, and extension of the arm. - **Trapezius Muscle**: Involved in moving, rotating, and stabilizing the scapula. - **Rhomboid Muscles**: Assist with scapular retraction. - **Levator Scapulae**: Elevates the scapula. This completes the comprehensive list of definitions from the "UPPER EXTREMITIES 2024" presentation. Let me know if you need further elaboration or additional details!