Management PDF

Tell who managers are and where they work. Explain why managers are important to organizations. Describe the functions, roles, and skills of managers. Describe the factors that are reshaping and redefining the manager’s job. Explain the value of studying management. The nature of management Defini...

Tell who managers are and where they work. Explain why managers are important to organizations. Describe the functions, roles, and skills of managers. Describe the factors that are reshaping and redefining the manager’s job. Explain the value of studying management. The nature of management Definition “Management is the process of 01. planning, 02.organizing, 03.leading and controlling, the available organizational resources, efficiently and effectively, to reach established (ස්ථාපිත) organizational goals.” ස්තාපිත සන්විදානක ඉලක්ක වෙත ළගා වීම සදහා සන්විදානයේ පව්තින සම්පත් කර් යක්ෂමව හා ඵලදායීව සැලසුම් කිරීම සන්විදානය කිරීම නායකත්වය ලබාදීම හා පාලනය කිරීම කළමනා කරණ ක්‍රියාවලියයි. Mannagemnet is….. Getting work done through others: 01.Effectively and efficiency කළමනනා කරණය යනු කර්යක්ශමව හා ඵලදායී ව අන් අය හරහා වැඩ කර ගැනීම 1  Efficiency vs effectiveness Management is the process of getting things done, effectively and efficiently, through other people. Efficiency: Means doing the thing correctly. Being efficient seeks to minimize resource costs and wastages. Effectiveness: Means doing the right things. Being effective seeks attainment of pre determined goals. කළමනාකාරිත්වය යනු වෙනත් පුද්ගලයින් හරහා කාර්යක්ෂම ව සහ ඵලදායී ව දේවල් සිදු කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියයි. කාර්යක්ෂමතාව: ඒ කියන්නේ වැඩේ හරියට කරනවා කියන එක. කාර්යක්ෂම වීම සම්පත් පිරිවැය සහ නාස්තිය අවම කර ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කරයි. ඵලදායිතාව: හරි දේ කරනවා කියන්නේ. ඵලදායි වීම යනු කලින් තීරණය කළ ඉලක්ක සපුරා ගැනීමයි. Explain scenario….. “Star Garments” is a garment factory in Colombo and there are 100 workers employed in this factory. The daily target-output given to the 100 employees in the garment factory is 100 pcs per worker and the standard cloth requirement to stitch a garment is 1 meter. 2 Total Resource Requirement (Inputs/Cloth) ??? Per persone =100pcs Per 1 pcs =1M Number of emp = 100 TRR =100 x 100pcs x 1M =10000M Total Pieces Expected (Outputs/ Garments) ??? Per persone =100pcs Number of emp = 100 TRR =100 x 100pcs =10000 Example 02: Day 01 (Monday) All 100 employees reported to work on Monday. However due to several errors reported while cutting cloths on Monday 10,200 meters of cloth was utilized. When the number of pieces stitched was counted it was reported that 10,000 garments were produced on Monday Efficient – No Effective – Yes Day 02 (Tuesday) All 100 employees reported to work on Tuesday, and they were capable of producing only 9000 garments. The total cloth utilization to stitch these 9000 garments was 9000 meters. 3 Efficient – Yes Effective – No Day 03 (Wednesday) All 100 employees reported to work on Wednesday and were capable of producing 10,500 garments during the day. Due to the new cutting methods adapted, the total cloth utilization to stitch the output was reduced and was recorded as 10,000 meters Efficient – Yes Effective – Yes Efficiency and Effectiveness in Management 4 This shows that whereas efficiency is concerned with the means of getting things done, effectiveness is concerned with the ends, or attainment of organizational goals. මින් පෙන්නුම් කරන්නේ කාර්යක්‍ෂමතාවය යනු දේවල් කර ගැනීමේ මාධ්‍යයන් සම්බන්ධයෙන් වන අතර, ඵලදායිතාවය අරමුණු හෝ ආයතනික අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගැනීම සම්බන්ධයෙන් සැලකිලිමත් වන බවයි. Four Functions of Management 5 Management functions Planning: Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities Organizing: Arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals (සංවිධානාත්මක ඉලක්ක ඉටු කිරීමට කටයුතු සංවිධානය කිරීම සහ ව්‍යුහගත කිරීම) Leading: Working with and through people to accomplish goals (ඉලක්ක සපුරා ගැනීම සඳහා මිනිසුන් සමඟ සහ ඔවුන් හරහා වැඩ කිරීම) Controlling: Monitoring, comparing, and correcting work 6 Who is the manager A manager is a person who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished. කළමනාකරුවෙකු යනු ආයතනික අරමුණු සාක්ෂාත් කර ගත හැකි වන පරිදි අනෙකුත් පුද්ගලයින්ගේ වැඩ කටයුතු සම්බන්ධීකරණය සහ අධීක්ෂණය කරන පුද්ගලයෙකි. Why Are Managers Important? Organizations need their managerial competencies now more than ever Managers are critical to getting things done Managers do matter to organizations සංවිධානවලට වෙන කවරදාකටත් වඩා දැන් ඔවුන්ගේ කළමනාකරණ කුසලතා අවශ්‍ය වේ Management involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively. 7 The managerial Levels 1. Top Level Managers ➔ They are responsible for managing the overall organization. ➔ Top managers establish goals, overall strategy, and operating policies. ➔ They are mostly interrelated with the external environment. ➔ Major decisions related to the organization are made by them. 2) Middle Level Managers Common titles used are operations manager, marketing manager, etc. They implement the policies and plans developed by the top managers and supervise & coordinate the activities of first line managers. 8 2) Middle Level Managers Common titles used are operations manager, marketing manager, etc. They implement the policies and plans developed by the top managers and supervise & coordinate the activities of first line managers. 3) First Line Managers Supervise and coordinate the activities of operating employees. Common titles are supervisor, coordinator. The relative importance of these skills may differ according to various levels in the organizational hierarchy, e.g. Technical skills are of greatest importance at the supervisory level, while conceptual skills are more important at the top level 9 Managerial Skill Conceptual Skills The ability to analyse and diagnose a situation and distinguish between cause and effect. යම් කිසි තත්වයක් අද්‍යනය කිරීමට හා එහි වරද හදුන ගැනීමෙ හැකියාව සහ හේතුව අසා බලපෑම අතර වෙනස හදුනා ගැනීමෙ හැකියාව Human Skills The ability to understand, alter(වෙනස් කරන්න), lead, and control the behaviour of other individuals and groups. Technical Skills The specific knowledge and techniques required to perform an organisational role. 10 Managerial Roles Management Roles by Henry Mintzberg Interpersonal Roles Figurehead, Leader, Liaison Officer Informational Roles Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson Decisional Roles Disturbance Handler, Resource Allocator, Negotiator, Entrepreneur 11 Interpersonal Role Roles that managers assume to provide direction and supervision to both employees and the organization as a whole: ( Interpersonal Role මගින් සේවකයන්ට හා සන්විදානයට යන සමස්තයට ම මග පෙන්වීම හා අදීක්ශණය යන කළමනාකරණ ලක්ශණ අපේක්ශා කරයි) Figurehead—Symbolizing the organization’s mission and what it is seeking to achieve. Leader—Training, counseling, and mentoring high employee performance. Liaison—Linking and coordinating the activities of people and groups both inside and outside the organization/department. Impromational Role Roles associated with the tasks needed to obtain and transmit information in the process of managing the organisation:(සංවිධානය කළමනාකරණය කිරීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියේදී තොරතුරු ලබා ගැනීමට සහ සම්ප්‍රේෂණය කිරීමට අවශ්‍ය කාර්යයන් හා සම්බන්ධ කාර්යභාරයන්:) Monitor—Analyzing information from both the internal and external environment. Disseminator—Transmitting information to influence the attitudes and behavior of employees. 12  Spokesperson—Using information to positively influence the way people in and out of the organization respond to it. Decisional Role Roles associated with methods managers use in planning strategy and utilizing resources: (උපාය මාර්ග සැලසුම් කිරීමේදී සහ සම්පත් භාවිතා කිරීමේදී කළමනාකරුවන් භාවිතා කරන ක්‍රම හා සම්බන්ධ භූමිකාවන්) Entrepreneur : Deciding which new projects or programs to initiate and to invest resources in. Disturbance handler: Managing an unexpected event or crisis. Resource allocator: Assigning resources between functions and divisions, setting the budgets of lower managers. Negotiator—Reaching agreements between other managers, unions, customers, or shareholders. 13 Activity 1. Imagine that you are a manager of the ABC company 2. you are being given a goal to “Increase the sales of the month of July 3. Explain the actions you would take under the four functions Planning Organizing Leading Controlling Activity (answers) Planing 1. Increasing advertisement in a particular region 2. Placing items on sale 3. Increase the amount of required customer to sales rep contact 4. Contacting prior customers Planing and organizing 1. Contacting prior customers 2. Increasing advertisement in a particular region 3. Increase the amount of required customer to sales rep contact 4. Placing items on sale Organsing 1. The manager will have to determine how to distribute resources and organize employees according to the plan. 14 Step of organising 1. Delegate authority 2. Assign work 3. Provide directions Leading Connecting with employees in an interpersonal level How to Leade 1. Communicate 2. Motivating 3. Inspiring 4. Encouraging Controlling 1. Evaluating the results against the goals 2. Take corrective actions to continue to work towards the goals 3. Setting performance standards for employees and continuously evaluating their job performance Example: 1. Evaluating the results in the middle of the month. 2. If sees a slow growth in sales, change of plan. 15  Focus on technology Focus on disruptive innovation Challenges Facing Managers Today and into Focus on social media the Future Focus on ethics Focus on political uncertainty Focus on customer Universal needed for management Management is universally needed in all types of and throughout all areas of, organizations 16 Reward of the being Manneger 1. Responsible for creating a productive work environment 2. Recognition and status in your organization and in the community 3. Attractive compensation in the form of salaries, bonuses, and stock options 4. Create a work environment in which organizational members can work to the best of their ability 5. Have opportunities to think creatively and use imagination 6. Help others find meaning and fulfilment in work 7. Support, coach, and nurture others 8. Work with a variety of people 9. Receive recognition and status in the organization and community 10. Play a role in influencing organizational outcomes 11. Receive appropriate compensation in the form of salaries, bonuses, and stock options 17 18