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RefreshingPenguin6362

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Spanish grammar Spanish verbs Spanish tenses language learning

Summary

This document provides a comprehensive guide to Spanish verb tenses, focusing on the imperfect and preterite tenses with examples. It covers different conjugations for various verb types. It also lists common verbs and describes how to form commands in Spanish.

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Negative Word Meaning Example Sentence nadie no one, nobody Nadie está en casa. (No one is home.) nada nothing No tengo nada que decir. (I have nothing to say.) ningún/ninguna no, none, not any No...

Negative Word Meaning Example Sentence nadie no one, nobody Nadie está en casa. (No one is home.) nada nothing No tengo nada que decir. (I have nothing to say.) ningún/ninguna no, none, not any No hay ningún libro aquí. (There’s no book here.) nunca/jamás never Nunca salgo tarde. (I never go out late.) tampoco neither, not either No me gusta el café tampoco. (I don’t like coffee either.) Indefinite Word Meaning Example Sentence alguien someone ¿Hay alguien en la puerta? (Is there someone at the door?) algo something Quiero decirte algo. (I want to tell you something.) algún/alguna some, ¿Tienes algún problema? (Do you have any any problem?) algunos/alguna some, a Algunos estudiantes están aquí. (Some students are s few here.) siempr always Siempre estudio por la noche. (I always study at e night.) también also Yo también quiero ir. (I also want to go.). Algún and ningún are used before masculine singular nouns: Algunos/algunas and ningunos/ningunas are used for plural When to Use the Imperfect The imperfect tense is used to describe actions that are: 1. Ongoing or habitual in the past. 2. Background information (e.g., descriptions of weather, emotions, time, age). 3. Not clearly defined in terms of beginning or end. When to Use the Preterite The preterite tense is used to describe actions that are: 1. Completed in the past. 2. Specific in time (e.g., actions with a clear beginning or end). 3. Part of a sequence of events. Preterite Conjugation AR Verbs Subject Example: Hablar yo hablé tú hablaste él/ella/usted habló nosotros/as hablamos vosotros/as hablasteis ellos/ellas/ustede hablaron s ER/IR Verbs Subject Example: Comer Example: Vivir yo comí viví tú comiste viviste él/ella/usted comió vivió nosotros/as comimos vivimos vosotros/as comisteis vivisteis ellos/ellas/ustede comieron vivieron s Imperfect Conjugation AR Verbs Subject Example: Hablar yo hablaba tú hablabas él/ella/usted hablaba nosotros/as hablábamos vosotros/as hablabais ellos/ellas/ustede hablaban s ER/IR Verbs Subject Example: Comer Example: Vivir yo comía vivía tú comías vivías él/ella/usted comía vivía nosotros/as comíamos vivíamos vosotros/as comíais vivíais ellos/ellas/ustede comían vivían s Por Para Indicates Indicates cause/reason purpose/goal Refers to Refers to means/manner destination Refers to movement Refers to movement through toward Por: because of, through, by, for the sake of. Para: in order to, destined for, toward. Mandatos Afirmativos Hablar → Habla (Speak.) Comer → Come (Eat.) Escribir → Escribe (Write.) Infinitive Command decir di hacer haz ir ve poner pon salir sal ser sé tener ten venir ven Mandatos Negativos To form negative tú commands: 1. Start with the yo form of the present tense. 2. Drop the -o ending. 3. Add: ○ -es for -AR verbs. ○ -as for -ER/-IR verbs. Regular Verbs Hablar → No hables (Don’t speak.) Comer → No comas (Don’t eat.) Escribir → No escribas (Don’t write.) Infinitive Command dar no des estar no estés ir no vayas saber no sepas ser no seas Common Verbs Like Gustar Verb Meaning Example gustar to like/be pleasing Me gusta la música. (I like music.) encantar to love (something) Nos encantan las películas. (We love movies.) interesar to interest ¿Te interesa la ciencia? (Does science interest you?) importar to matter/be important No me importa. (It doesn’t matter to me.) molestar to bother Les molesta el ruido. (The noise bothers them.) fascinar to fascinate Me fascina el arte. (Art fascinates me.) aburrir to bore ¿Te aburre esta clase? (Does this class bore you?) quedar to remain/be left/to fit Me quedan dos dólares. (I have two dollars left.) faltar to lack/be missing Nos falta azúcar. (We’re missing sugar.) 1. Indirect Object Pronouns (IOPs): Answer to whom or for whom the action is done. ○ me (to/for me) ○ te (to/for you) ○ le/se (to/for him, her, you formal) ○ nos (to/for us) ○ os (to/for you all, informal Spain) ○ les/se (to/for them, you all) 2. Direct Object Pronouns (DOPs): Answer what or whom is directly affected by the action. ○ me (me) ○ te (you) ○ lo/la (him, her, it, you formal) ○ nos (us) ○ os (you all, informal Spain) ○ los/las (them, you all) The Order of Pronouns When using both indirect and direct object pronouns, they follow this order: 1. Indirect Object Pronoun (IOP) 2. Direct Object Pronoun (DOP) Combine the Reflexive Pronoun with the Conjugated Verb Place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb: me + levantar → me levanto (I get up) te + bañar → te bañas (you take a bath) se + duchar → se ducha (he/she takes a shower) nos + peinar → nos peinamos (we comb our hair) os + afeitar → os afeitáis (you all shave) se + despertar → se despiertan (they wake up) Negative Reflexive Sentences 1. No + reflexive pronoun + conjugated verb ○ No me lavo las manos. (I don't wash my hands.) ○ No te cepillas los dientes. (You don't brush your teeth.) ○ No se ducha. (He/She doesn't take a shower.) ○ No nos despertamos temprano. (We don’t wake up early.)

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