Untitled Biology Notes PDF

What are the organism’s characteristics and what places them into their Linnaean classifications? - Phylas we talked about - Chordata - Notochord - Bilateral sympathy - Endoskeleton - Arthropoda - Exoskeleto...

What are the organism’s characteristics and what places them into their Linnaean classifications? - Phylas we talked about - Chordata - Notochord - Bilateral sympathy - Endoskeleton - Arthropoda - Exoskeleton - Segmented body - Joint-footed - Coniferophyta - gymnosperms - Have cones - Produce seeds - Vascular plants - Usually needle like leaves - Pines: bundle of needles - Spruce: single needles - Pteriophyta - Ferns and mosses - Reproduce with spores - Alternation of generations - No flowers, cones, or seeds - Anthophyta - Angiosperms - Produce flowers and seeds (within fruit) Kingdom: anamalia, plantae, fungi How do you know if it is a plant, animal or fungi? What characteristics help separate these groups? - Plants - Cellulose cell wall - Photosynthesis - Alternation of generations - Can reproduce sexually or asexually through spores or seeds - Animals - No cell wall - Heterotrophic - Mostly sexual reproduction - Fungi - Chitin cell wall  - Heterotrophic - Reproduce via spores What are the traits they share with other similar organisms, and how do they differ? What adaptations do they have for life in a terrestrial environment (we didn’t do much with respect to aquatic adaptations) and how do those adaptations help them overcome terrestrial challenges? - Needle Leaves have waxy coatings to help keep in water - Thick bark protects the vascular system of trees - Deciduous trees shed their leaves during the winter to conserve water - Dormancy - Animals with changing fur colors - Fur to keep insulated - Hibernation - Migration - Insects lay a lot of eggs so that some survive Do the organisms have true leaves and/or vascular tissue? - If it has a leaf, then it has true leaves and vascular tissue - If it doesnt have a leaf, it is just vascular tissue Do the organisms have an endoskeleton, an exoskeleton, shell, or no skeleton? - Endoskeleton would be inside the body - Exoskeleton is outside Do the organisms have segmentation and does that matter? - Insects have segmentation - Matters for movement, specialization, resilience What is the organism’s classification (only as specific as we covered in class)? - Eukarya - anamalia/plantae/fungi - chordata/arthropoda/coniferophyta - mammalia/insecta —————————————————————————————————————————— What does reproduction look like in your organisms? - Sexual - Pollination - Asexual - Is there alternation of generation in the organisms? - Plants If it is a plant, does it have spores, seeds, cones, flowers, and/or fruits? - Fungi and ferns: spores - Coniferous trees: cones - Angiosperms: flowers and/or fruits If it is a fungus, what do the reproductive structure look like, is it reproducing sexually or asexually? - If it has a fruiting body, sexual reproduction dominant - All fungi can reproduce asexually If it is animal, does it have amniotic or anamniotic eggs, direct or indirect development, go through metamorphosis? - If it is in water, anamnioitc, otherwise if it lays eggs its amniotic - Direct development: baby is born with most features of its adult self - Indirect development: must go through a metamorphosis, larval stage - If it goes from larval stage to something else, then yes What kind of fitness trade-offs/strategies do your organisms have? - Examples - Having a large body, but requiring more energy - Parental care which increases survivability, but reduces future reproductive chances - Hibernation creates a time of no reproduction - Trees that lose their leaves in the winter to conserve water reproduce less during that time - Pine trees are slow growing which makes them prone to competition but have better survivability - Insects lay a lot of eggs because of predation and low survivability. Lower investment in each egg How do the organisms’ “young” disperse? - Plants - Wind - Other animals - Water - Animals - Live birth - Egg bearing - Insects - Transport by other animals  - Flight - Dispersal of eggs —————————————————————————————————————————— What do the interactions between these organisms look like? What competitive relationships are present? Is it intraspecific or interspecific competition? - Intraspecific: Interactions between same species - Interspecific: interactions between different species Is it consumptive or interference competition? - Consumptive: organisms consume the same resource - Interference: organisms directly interfere with one another in the accessing of resources What resources are the organisms competing over? - Space - Prey - Food What exploitative relationships are present? What kinds of defenses do the “prey”/exploited species have? - Predation: A predator kills and consumes another organism (prey) for food. - Herbivory: An herbivore feeds on plants or plant parts, potentially harming the plant but usually not killing it. - Parasitism: A parasite lives on or inside a host organism, benefiting at the host's expense, often harming it in the process. How do these species coexist? - Niche differentiation - Creating symbiosis - Spatial separation Do the fungi act as decomposers, parasites, or are they mutualistic? - Decomposers: Break down dead organic material, recycling nutrients into the ecosystem. - Parasites: Live off a host organism, harming it in the process. - Mutualistic: Form beneficial partnerships with other organisms, providing advantages like nutrient exchange (lichens and mychorizzae) Do any of these species have a mutualistic or commensalistic relationship? - Mutualistic: both organisms benefit from the interaction - Bees and flowers  - Mychorizzae and plants - Commensalistic: one organism benefits, and the other is neither helped nor harmed - Birds and bison - Barnacles and whales ——————————————————————————————————————————