Biodiversity Presentation PDF

BIODIVERSITY Geraldine P. Geñorga Learning Objectives EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF SPECIES START HERE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS USING...

BIODIVERSITY Geraldine P. Geñorga Learning Objectives EXPLAIN THE CONCEPT OF SPECIES START HERE CLASSIFY ORGANISMS USING THE HIERARCHICAL TAXONOMIC SYSTEM EXPLAIN THE ADVANTAGE OF HIGH BIODIVERSITY IN MAINTAINING THE STABILITY OF AN ECOSYSTEM “Why is it important to maintain and protect biodiversity?”  Biological diversity — or biodiversity — is the variety of life biodiversity on Earth, in all its forms, from genes and bacteria to entire ecosystems such as forests or coral reefs. taxonomy -is the science that deals with the naming, describing, and classifying of living things. ACTIVITY  Examples of living organisms... Objectives: 1. Identify characteristics which are common among the living things being studied. 2. Classify living things into groups using common characteristics as bases. 3. Group living things with similar characteristics or appearance. Instruction: 1. Name 15 different kinds of living things. 2. Classify the living things using the basis you agreed upon. 3. Each group will present to the class the results of their groupings, stating the specific bases they used.  Conclusion Based on your own understanding, how are living organisms classified? LESSON 1: THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Carolus Von Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who introduced a system of classifying living things. - He was the first to classify living things using structural similarity as basis - The are 2 important features: (1) by levels and (2) by nomenclature 16  Different Levels of Classification LEVELS COMPOSITION Kingdom The highest and the most comprehensive level; a group of related phyla Phylum A group of related classes Class A group of related orders Order A group of related families Family A group of related genera Genus A group of related species Species A group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring 17  Classification of Man LEVELS CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS Kingdom Animalia Actively mobile, heterotrophic, multicellular and eukaryotic Phylum Chordata With 2 pairs of appendages and with dorsal nerve cord that extend the entire length of its body Class Vertebrata With backbone that supports and enclose the spinal cord Order Mammalia With body covered with hair and breasts that are used by female in feeding its young Family Primate Erect—uses only the hind legs in walking Genus Homo Has humanlike features Species Sapiens Wise 18 19  ARCHAEBACTERIA AND EUBACTERIA - are the two prokaryotic kingdoms. These organisms lack distinct nuclei and they have few membrane-bound organelles. Their DNA is simple and is either localized in a region called nucleoid or simply diffused within the cytoplasm. 20 Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaea are microorganisms that define the limits of life on Earth. They were originally discovered and described in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents and terrestrial hot springs. They were also found in a diverse range of highly saline, acidic, and anaerobic environments. 21 Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaea are autotrophic organisms. Photosynthetic Archaean's were referred to as blue-green algae Some are chemosynthetic organisms 22 Kingdom Archaebacteria Archaeans are widely distributed since they are capable of living in extreme environments Halophiles-capable of living in extremely salty environment Acidophiles-capable of living in extremely acidic environment Thermophiles-can live in environment with extreme temperature 23 Kingdom Eubacteria Bacteria cannot make their own food, so they are classified as heterotrophs Bacteria vary in shapes – coccus, bacillus, and spirillum Some are flagellated and can move about in their environment with the help of PILI (pilus) 24 25 26 Similarities of the 2 Differences kingdoms Archaea Eubacteria 27  PROTISTA - Includes animal-like (protozoans), Plant-like (algae) and fungus-like organisms. - Characteristically, they have eukaryotic cells. - (a) single-celled and microscopic, with some capable of forming colonies. - (b) multicellular but lack the definite complex tissue organization of plants, animals and fungi. 28 Kingdom Protista Protists vary on how they obtain energy: Autotrophic or heterotrophic Some are immobile. Those that can move have various locomotor structure. Majority are aquatic. Can reproduce sexually and asexually. 29 Protozoa: the Animal-like protist Protozoa is a collective term given to animal-like protists Some are heterotrophic, some assume to be autotrophic. Most protozoans are found in aquatic habitats (oceans, lakes, rivers, and ponds) Most are motile using locomotor structures (flagella, cilia or pseudopodia) 30 31 Algae: the plant-like protists Algae are autotrophic, chiefly aquatic and exist in unicellular and multicellular forms Thallus- body of a multicellular alga. They vary in color (green, red, or brown) Algae are classified into 7 phyla or divisions using color, type of chlorophyll, cell wall composition, and type of stored food 32 33 34 Fungus-like protists These protists possesses both the combined characteristics of fungi and protozoans. 2 groups: 1. cellular slime molds 2. plasmodial slime molds Saprotrophs – thriving in rotting logs and in places where there are decaying organic matter 35 36 PROTISTS are the simplest eukaryotes consisting of organisms grouped into three: ✓ Plant-like ✓ Animal-like ✓ Fungus-like 37  PLANTAE - Plants are multicellular and eukaryotic - They have chloroplasts and cell walls composed of cellulose - There are aa lot of species of plants 38 39 2 Distinct Groups of Plants 1. Nonvascular Plants – they lack vascular tissues that transport materials (food and water), thus their bodies are called thallus. 2. Vascular plants – has complex body structure and consist of network of vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) 40 Bryophytes Non-vascular plants that are terrestrial and moisture-loving, usually grows in shady and moist places. Multicellular and anchored to the ground or any solid object by root-like structures called rhizoid. 41 2 groups of Vascular Plants a. spore-forming plants – their drought-resistant spores enable them to extend their geographic range. The spore-bearing structures ranges in size and type. Strobilus – cone-like. Their bodies are anchored to the soil by prostrate or rhizomes. 42  Ferns Lycopodium Psilotum Equisetum 43 2 groups of Vascular Plants a. Seed-forming plants – there is woody tissues that enable them to grow in size, more complex vascular tissue, and embryo that are enclosed in a structure called seed. There are 2 groups: gymnosperms and angiosperms 44 Gymnosperms are plants that bear “naked seed” since they are not produced within the ovary, instead they are borne on a surface or reproductive structures called cones. 45 46 47 Anthophytes Plants that produce flower as their means of reproduction. 2 Classes: 1. Monocots – with one seed leaf in their seeds 2. Dicot – with two seed leaves in their seeds 48 Plantae Kingdom Nonvascular Plants Vascular Plants Bryophytes Spore-forming Seed-forming Gymnosperms Angiosperms Monocotyledons Dicotyledons 49  FUNGI - Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic, and cannot move like plants. - They have cell walls composed of chitin - They are heterotrophic (parasitic or saprophytic) - They range from (a) symbiotic fungi (decomposers); (b) beneficial fungi; (c) edible fungi 50 Lichen (symbiotic fungi) Medicine as antibiotic (beneficial fungi) Mushrooms (edible fungi) 51 Asexual Reproduction 1. Spore-formation 2. Budding 52 53 ✓ Fungi differ from plants in lacking chlorophyll and in having chitinous cell wall. ✓ They are either parasites or saprophytes. ✓ Fungi are absorptive organisms. ✓ Fungi reproduce by forming sexual and asexual spores. 54  ANIMALIA - All animals are multicellular, with eukaryotic cells - Majority are actively mobile and heterotrophic 55 Distinguishing Characteristics 1. Symmetry – describes how the body parts of an animals are arranged around a point or an axis. a. Bilateral – is a body plan wherein the body can be divided into two equal parts by a single cut and the two portions are mirror images of each other b. Radial – the body parts are arranged circularly around the imaginary central axis 56 57 Distinguishing Characteristics 2. Cephalization – the presence of a distinct head (anterior end) and tail (posterior end). 58 Sac-like Tube-like 59 Distinguishing Characteristics 3. Segmentation – the subdivision of the body into a series of repeated parts or segments. 60 Distinguishing Characteristics 4. Modes of reproduction a. asexually – through regeneration or budding b. sexually – union of male and female gametes - viviparous – bringing forth live young that have developed inside the body of the parent - oviparous – producing offspring by means of eggs 61 ✓ Animals are identified as multicellular, eukaryotic, lacking a cell wall, and heterotrophic. ✓ Animals vary in terms of the following characteristics: body plan, cephalization, segmentation and modes of reproduction. 62 63  UNIT TEST 1.Which of the following is NOT one of the 6 kingdoms of living organisms? a. Plantae c. Protista b. Animalia d. Mollusca 2.In which kingdom would you classify a human? a. Animalia c. Protista b. Fungi d. Plantae 64  UNIT TEST 3. What is the primary mode of nutrition for organisms in the Kingdom Plantae? a. Heterotrophic c. Saprophytic b. Autotrophic d. Parasitic 4. Which kingdom includes organisms like mushrooms and yeasts? a. Plantae c. Fungi b. Animalia d. Protista 65  UNIT TEST 5. Which of the following is a characteristics of organisms in the kingdom Animalia? a. They have cell walls b. They are multicellular and heterotrophic c. They produce through spores d. They are photosynthetic 66  UNIT TEST 6. Organisms in the Kingdom Protista are primarily: a. Multicellular and autotrophic b. Unicellular and multicellular and heterotrophic c. Unicellular and autotrophic d. Multicellular and parasitic 67  UNIT TEST 7. Which kingdom includes organisms such as amoebas? a. Animalia c. Plantae b. Protista d. Fungi 8. The cell wall of fungi is primarily composed of a. Cellulose c. Keratin b. Chitin d. Collagen 68  UNIT TEST 9. What is the distinguishing feature of organisms in the Kingdom Eubacteria? a. They are unicellular and lack a nucleus b. They are multicellular and photosynthetic c. They are multicellular and have true roots, stems, and leaves. d. They are unicellular and have a nucleus 69  UNIT TEST 10. Which kingdom contains the most diverse range of organisms? a. Plantae c. Animalia b. Fungi d. Protista 11. Which kingdom includes organisms like blue-green algae? a. Protista c. Plantae b. Fungi d. Archaeabacteria 70  UNIT TEST 12. In the classification system, which level of hierarchy is higher than phylum? a. Kingdom c. Order b. Class d. Species 13. Which kingdom includes extremophiles that can thrive in extreme environments like hot springs? a. Animalia c. Archaebacteria b. Eubacteria d. Protista 71  UNIT TEST 14. The process by which living organisms are grouped and classified is called a. Taxonomy c. Metamorphosis b. Evolution d. Digestion 15. Which kingdom includes organisms like sponges, jellyfish, and worms? a. Plantae c. Fungi b. Animalia d. Protista 72 73 BIRDS Birds are vertebrate animals adapted for flight. Many can also run, jump, swim, and dive. Some, like penguins, have lost the ability to fly but retained their wings. Birds are found worldwide and in all habitats. The largest is the nine-foot-tall ostrich. The smallest is the two-inch-long bee hummingbird Vertebrates (warm-blooded) 74  Everything about the anatomy of a bird reflects its ability to fly. Birds have a unique digestive system that allows them to eat when they can— usually on the fly—and digest later. 75 The fossil record shows that birds evolved alongside the dinosaurs during the Jurassic period 160 million years ago. The best known fossil is archaeopteryx, which was about the size of a crow. 76 AMMAL Mammals are among the most adaptable animals on the planet. Mammals as a group use every possible form of locomotion. Terrestrial species walk, run, jump, climb, hop, swing, dig, and burrow. Aquatic ones swim, shuffle, and dive. A few even fly. All mammals share four traits : hair, mammary glands, a hinged jaw, and three tiny middle ear bones. Most have specialized teeth and moveable external ears. Vertebrates (warm-blooded) 77 FISH All fish share two traits: they live in water and they have a backbone Fish have developed special senses Fish are so diverse and are very old on the evolutionary scale Vertebrates (cold-blooded) 78 reptile Reptiles are air-breathing vertebrates covered in special skin made up of scales, bony plates, or a combination of both. All regularly shed the outer layer of their skin. Their metabolism and reproduction depends on the temperature of their environment Vertebrates (cold-blooded) 79 mphibia Amphibians are small vertebrates that need water, or a moist environment, to survive. To warn potential predators, the most toxic amphibians are also the most brightly colored. Vertebrates (cold-blooded) 80 mphibia Another special feature of most amphibians is their egg-larva-adult life cycle. To warn potential predators, the most toxic amphibians are also the most brightly colored. Vertebrates (cold-blooded) 81 82 83 thank you