AR130P - Theory of Architecture 1 1st Quarter 2023-2024 PDF

# AR130P - Theory of Architecture 1 ## 1st Quarter 2023-2024 ### AR. Sheila V. Elardo ## Color Harmony Theories & Psychology - Color harmony is the coherent combination of colors to create a pleasing impact of the whole. - The colors in a color wheel are generally arranged in a primary-tertiary-s...

# AR130P - Theory of Architecture 1 ## 1st Quarter 2023-2024 ### AR. Sheila V. Elardo ## Color Harmony Theories & Psychology - Color harmony is the coherent combination of colors to create a pleasing impact of the whole. - The colors in a color wheel are generally arranged in a primary-tertiary-secondary-tertiary-primary circular arrangement. - Color harmony, like harmonious composition, is meant to create a sense of order. With primary colors being the strongest and most unadulterated of colors, their presence in one composition in similar intensity creates competing strong stimulants, coming from all 3 primary colors. Hence, a composition with all primary colors present is oftentimes not harmonious since all three colors will compete for attention. ### Analogous colors: 3-side by side colors on the color wheel ### Complementary colors: 2 colors, 1 primary and 1 secondary which are on opposite sides on the color wheel. Each color tends to be more vivid and saturated when combined with its complementary match ### Split Complementary combination: happens when a color is matched with two colors that are secondary to its complementary color. Example would be blue with yellow-orange and red orange. ### Triad combination happens when a primary color is matched with two other primary colors, or any 3-colors that are equidistant from each other in the color wheel. ### Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Color Theory is based on his study of light-bending with prism. - yellow and red lights mark intense presence of light - highly stimulating and warm nature - Blue and purple are the least stimulating- least light intensity (darkness) - He also believed that it is our retina that experiences color, and without the observer, the colors likewise do not exist. ### Newton's studies in color had been scientifically based, while Goethe's interest was more in the psychological effects of color. He wished to investigate whether rules could govern the artistic use of color. ### Goethe Color Triangle - Originally planning on creating an improved color wheel, he later found that his ideas were best expressed within an equilateral triangle. ### Chromodynamics - a phenomenon when moods and behaviors are affected by color. - long-wavelength colors (red, orange, yellow) are more related to high anxiety responses than shorter-wave hues (purple, blue, cyan) ### Psychology of colors / Chromodynamics - Colors can stimulate, excite, depress, tranquilize, increase appetite and create a feeling of warmth or coolness. This is known as chromodynamics. - Psychology of colors refers to the strong emotional reactions we all have to colors - For example, hot colors - such as red, orange, and yellow - have the longest wavelengths, requiring energy to view them. They also stimulate the brain and raise pulse and respiration - In contrast, cool colors -such as blues and greens - have the shortest wavelengths and easily enter the eye. That produces a calming and soothing effect while slowing the metabolism. ## Colors - important in art, environment and healing, also associated with emotions and personalities ### RED - Red has the longest wavelength, but it is not the most visible of colors. Its psychological properties manifest as physical ones because it increases your body's metabolism, increases stamina, raises the blood pressure and heart rate, stimulates your adrenal glands, and urges you on to physical action. - Fengshui expel bad ch'i or energy from the house - Encourage activity and lively conversation (living and dining room) - Choice for "passing through" spaces where you don't spend a lot of time (hallways, lobbies, guest bathrooms) - Child's room - cause insomnia ### PINK - Lessens anger and physical strength effectively; it is used to reduce suicide rate in correctional institutions and deter anti-social behavior in problem school - Football coaches - used pink paint in locker rooms of visiting teams to make opponents less aggressive on field - Chroma therapy - pink room for people having trouble calming down and letting things go ### ORANGES - Ability to stimulate the body, being particularly effective on the sexual organs, digestive system, and immune system, and making an individual feel warm and dry. - On the positive side, orange is good for repairing feelings of depression and sadness or low self-esteem. It is also a fun color, filled with warmth, energy, endurance, creativity, cheerfulness, sensuality, abundance, sunshine, coziness, and ambition. - On the negative side, it is associated with anger, aggression, arrogance, warnings, caution, danger, and fire. - Use sparingly in home decoration - Expensive restaurants, paint pale peach (welcoming and appetizing) - Chroma therapy - stimulant healing process, increase immunity promoting happiness and enhancing sexual potency - Not recommended to people easily agitated ### YELLOWS - Like red, yellow has a long wavelength. It stimulates the brain, the metabolism, and the lymph system, and it makes people feel alert and aware. - On the positive side, yellow enhances concentration and thought, and it is a purely emotional color that is associated with the intellect, memory, clarity of thought, unbiased judgment, organizational ability, optimism, self-confidence, and cheerfulness. It represents good times, creativity, and playfulness. - On the negative side, it is associated with quarantine, dishonesty, greed, weakness, cowardice, miserliness, and hazards. - Babies are said to cry more in yellow rooms and there is more likely to be conflict between people in a yellow room. - In many cultures, yellow symbolizes the god. In many Asian cultures it is the color of royalty. - In China it is a sacred color; in Greece it bodes sadness; and in France it is associated with jealousy. - Popular in kitchens and dining rooms - Appetizing backdrop for food - Small doors encourage lively conversation and happy times - Prolonged exposure to bright lemon - too much mental stimulation, create anxiety - Couples - more spats in yellow kitchen - Babies cry - Pale buttercup is safer choice in home ### GREEN - Green is at the very center of the color spectrum, and it is so restful and so easy on the eyes that no adjustment of the eye is ever necessary to view it, and some believe it can improve one's vision. - Green's effect on the body is one of complete relaxation of the muscles, relaxed breathing patterns, improvement of equilibrium, and the psychological and emotional balance and harmony of the mind. It is believed to make you feel cooler and moister in its presence. - Green is the traditional color of peace, freedom, life, fertility, rebirth, the environment, nature, and all things natural. - In Western culture, it is the color of envy and jealousy, and in the United States it is also the color of money and wealth, as American currency is printed in green ink. On the positive side, green brings feelings of calmness, ease, relaxation, harmony, good health, freshness, and mobility. On the negative side, it can promote laziness, and is associated with guilt, sickness, disease, and greed. - Green tends to be a more masculine color, and it is the most popular color for decorating. It is used in hospitals because it is calming to patients. In medieval times, brides wore green to symbolize their fertility. In India, green is associated with the Islamic religion. - Paler green - painted seafoam (hospitals), sedate worried patients and visitors - Use of green rooms backstage at theaters and TV shows reduce anxiety prior to performance - Forest green - used in law offices and financial institutions - Color of money - Harmonious to house - Appealing in kitchens and dining rooms, refreshing - Feeling of serenity (bathrooms, peaceful bedrooms) - Spas - antiseptic, cleanliness ### BLUES - Blue is the second most powerful color after red. The deep blues have physiological properties that lower blood pressure, stimulate the pituitary gland, regulate sleep patterns and reduce insomnia, suppress the appetite, and keep bone marrow healthy. It also helps the body produce calming chemicals in the brain. - In light therapy, blue is used to treat physical pain and emotional stress. Blue in general is calming in its properties and can make you feel cool. It is a predominantly masculine color, but it is also named the most favorite color by men and women alike. - On the positive side, it is an intellectual, mental, contemplative color that inspires the imagination and creativity, analytical ability, scholarly aptitude, mental focus, and the control of mind over matter. It is the most politically correct color and is positively associated with faith, trust, loyalty, dignity, community, security, reliability, authority, success, idealism, traditional values, and professionalism. - On the negative side, too much dark blue can be perceived as depressing, and blue can be associated with sadness, depression, loss, coldness, and obscenity. - Many businesses paint and decorate with blue because workers tend to be more productive in those environments. - Sports are also improved with blue surroundings. - It is the most popular color used in bedrooms. - It is also the best color to wear for an employment interview. - In India, it is associated with the god Krishna. - Kitchen and pantries - cobalt blue used because insects are repelled by this color - Deeper blue - regal statues, serious atmosphere - Lighter blue - charm and sweetness - People are more productive in blue rooms - Weightlifters can handle heavier weights in blue gym ### PURPLES - Purple more specifically violet - has the shortest wavelength and is the last visible color before the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum. - It has properties that suppress hunger, are antiseptic, and balance the metabolism. In light therapy, purples are used to treat skin problems and soothe sunburns. Purple is also believed to be good for balancing the mental state of a disturbed person by bringing peace and tranquility to their fearful and nervous states. - On the positive side, its psychological properties are mental and spiritual, relating to sensitivity, high ideals, creativity, religion, compassion, beauty, romance, fantasy, dreams, mysticism, wisdom, justice, the supernatural, and psychic ability. It is a largely feminine, cool color that is related to the cosmos and space, and its older symbolisms related to royalty include luxury, costliness, prosperity, wealth, dignity, respect, nobility, and sophistication. - On the negative side, purple represents things that are hidden, also ambiguity, flamboyance, arrogance, gaudiness, confusion, uncertainty, hidden things, loneliness, loss, grief, mourning, and exaggeration. In non-U.S. countries it is often a color mourning and death, as well as that of royalty. ### BROWNS - Brown is a predominantly male color, and men often claim it as their favorite color. It is a neutral and earthy color that symbolizes home and comfort, as well as all things primitive, such as nature, trees, wood, and soil. - On the positive side, its psychological traits are those of authenticity, the genuine, conservativeness, humility, friendship, stability, simplicity, security, reliability, somberness, sobriety, usefulness, functionality, practicality, familiarity, and understated prosperity. - On the negative side, it is associated with sadness, nostalgia, dullness, dirt/filth, poverty, withdrawal from others, hermit-like behaviors, boorishness, anachronism, crudeness, roughness, and lack of emotion. In India it is the color of mourning. - Muted neutrals - living rooms, studies, and family room - radiate simplicity and serenity while creating intimacy - Pale neutrals - room feels larger and less cluttered - Darker browns - create a sense of coziness and security - Men-fond of brown - Gray. Because gray is not black or white, it is the perfect neutral color to support all other colors and the psychological traits associated with them. - On the positive side, gray's properties are those of neutrality, practicality, independence, self-reliance, exclusiveness, and timelessness. - On the negative side, gray's neutrality can turn into indecisiveness, evasion, non-commitment, middle-of-the-road attitudes and opinions, lack of involvement, loneliness, boredom, depression, lack of direction, inability to fit in, and indifference. - Gray is also negatively associated with death and old age. ### GRAY - Neutral - Icy coolness - office décor - Associated with maturity and wisdom (gray hair) - Interior - dark gray is stately and formal but a but gloomy - Lighter gray - restful - Grays are better to rooms where occupants are looking for peace of mind - Create an unappealing backdrop for food ### WHITES - White is the opposite of black. It is the absence of color in pigment and the combination of all colors in light. The human eye can distinguish hundreds of shades of white. - In healing with light, it is the color used to alleviate shock and despair and to offer up protection. - On the positive side, white represents purity, innocence, heaven, peace, truth, honesty, simplicity, openness, candor, clarity, contrast, and all things uncluttered and uncomplicated. - On the negative side, white represents conservativeness, isolation, sterility, coldness, clinicism, fear, cowardice, and lack of imagination. - It is the stereotypical color of the virginal bride in Western culture. In China and some other countries, white is the color of death and mourning. ### BLACKS - Black is the opposite of white. It is the absence of color in light and the combination of all colors in pigment. - It can be used in contrast with any color and that color's psychological traits. Black is a passive and mysterious color that can be either comforting or frightening. - On the positive side, black is associated with authority, power, riches, elegance, boldness, sobriety, practicality, class, and formality. - On the negative side, black is associated with death, fear, mourning, darkness, secrecy, seriousness, evil, anonymity, anger, sadness, guilt, remorse, unhappiness, corporate mentality, and the inability to change and grow as a person. - Cross-culturally, black elicits a greater negative response than all other colors. ## AR130P - Theory of Architecture 1 ## 1st Quarter 2023-2024 ### AR. Sheila V. Elardo ## Principles of Order **Order without diversity can result in monotony or boredom.** **Diversity without order can produce confusion.** **A sense of unity with variety is the ideal.** **Principles of ORDER, and these are:** - **Axis:** A line established by 2 points in space about which forms and spaces can be arranged in a symmetrical or balanced manner - **Symmetry:** The balanced distribution and arrangement of equivalent forms and spaces on opposite sides of a dividing line or plane or about a center or axis. - **Hierarchy:** The arrangement of the importance of a form or space by its size, shape or placement relative to other forms and spaces of the structure. **Hierarchically important locations for a form or space include:** 1. the termination of a linear sequence or axial organization 2. the center piece of a symmetrical organization 3. the focus of a centralized or radial organization 4. being offset above, below, or in the foreground of a composition. - **Rhythm:** A unifying movement characterized by a patterned repetition or alteration of formal elements or motifs in the same or a modified form. - **Datum:** A line, plane or volume that, by its continuity and regularity, serves to gather, measure and organize a pattern of form. - **Transformation:** The principle that an architectural concept, structure, or organization can be altered through a series of discrete manipulations and permutations in response to a specific context or set of conditions without a loss of identity or concept. ## Aesthetic Philosophies - **Aesthetics in architecture - how beauty and design are inspiring each other** - **What is aesthetic philosophy?** - is a branch of philosophy concerning studies on the nature and expression of beauty or taste. - The aesthetics of a building is one of the principal aspects considered in architecture. - is devoted to conceptual and theoretical inquiry into art and aesthetic experience - **The philosophy of aesthetics key elements** 1. Mass and space: various form a satisfying and harmonious whole and nothing is out of proportion 2. Proportion: describe the relationship between two things of different size 3. Symmetry: symmetry is the reflection of shared forms, shapes, or angles across a central line or point called the axis. 4. Balance: equal distribution of visual weight in a design. 5. Contrast: is a principle of art. 6. Pattern: an underlying structure that organizes surfaces or structures in a consistent, regular manner 7. Decoration: is added to building or any other structure to improve its aesthetical value and appearance. 8. Massing: refers to the perception of the general shape and form as well as size of an element. 9. Unity: is the relationship among the elements of a visual that helps all the elements function together. 10. Rhythm: Repeating art elements in regular or cyclical fashion to create interest, movement, and/or harmony and unity. - **Wabi-Sabi** is a Japanese aesthetic philosophy that comes from a world view that everything is ephemeral or fleeting, has imperfections and weaknesses as well as strength and character. - It includes appreciation of ageing and decay as much as appreciation of newness and spring. It is anchored strongly on nature, the passing of seasons, death and rebirth - **Biophilia** is coined by the taxonomist, biologist and theorist, Edward O. Wilson. His study of insects, particularly ants led to his theory that humans' social behavior is partially genetics in origin. - He proposed that our sense of what is beautiful is based on how nature programmed us to appreciate them, mainly as mechanisms for survival, procreation and adaptation. - In biophilia, settings that invoke security and prosperity in nature tend to appear beautiful and relaxing to people. Examples of these are waterscapes and garden. - **Genus Loci** is an Italian phrase which means "spirit of the place". In architecture and planning, the term is used whenever planning of communities and neighborhood runs on the idea of making the place "one with the divine being". In a sense, genus loci aesthetics comes out from the community's faith, beliefs and need to please and welcome the Divine in their place. ### 5 ideas that convey the genius loci of a place- 1. Narrative - Places stand as a witness to all the human activities that have transpired over the ages. 2. Local Distinctiveness - Each place has a unique feature. 3. Ecosystem - Interaction between various organisms on the site also gives character to the site. 4. Traditions - Different cultures lend different flavors to a place. 5. People -The way the people use and relate to a place gives it an identity. ## AR130P Theory of Architecture 1 ## 1st Term 2425 ### AR. Sheila V. Elardo ## Proxemics and Territoriality - Edward T. Hall is an anthropologist who coined the word "proxemics" to explain man's use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. - Proxemics is the study of the space people need for themselves while in interaction with other people. - "Space" is the extension of a creature's (man or beast) instinctive defense of his lair. Hall identified 8 key areas of analysis related to people's perception and utilization of space particularly that space needed to set herself/himself from another person or his sense of proxemics. 1. Postural 2. Socio-fugal (privacy preservation)/sociopetal (in using interaction) orientation - how people interact and preserve each other's privacy during interactions 3. Kinesthetic factors - tactile and movement 4. Touch code-intensity and nature of touch 5. Retinal combination - quantified eye contacts 6. Thermal code - body temperature, whether it rises or falls during certain interactions 7. Olfaction code (smell) - bodily smells 8. Voice loudness - vocal intensity 9. The central idea of "The Hidden Dimensions" is the concept of social and personal space. **The central idea of "The Hidden Dimensions" is the concept of social and personal space** - Hall was able to quantify the intimate sphere as being that invisible bubble within 0-0.45m (18") from our skin. - People in intimate distance share a unique level of comfort with one another. - Those who are not comfortable with someone who approaches them in the intimate zone will experience a great deal of social discomfort or awkwardness. - Hall learned that with personal spaces, Germans tend to require compartmentalized spaces, particularly to have more private personal ones, while other cultures are more accepting of shared spaces. - Personal distance is approximately 0.45m to 1.2m (18" to 4'). - This space is used when talking to family and friends about personal topics. - Although it gives a person a little more space than intimate distance, it is still very close in proximity to that of intimacy, and may involve touching. - Like intimate distance, if a stranger approach someone in the personal zone, he or she is likely to feel uncomfortable being in such close proximity with the stranger. - Social distance is about 1.2m to 3.6m from our skin. - It is used in business transactions, meeting new people and interacting with groups of people. - Public distance is beyond 3.60m (12'), and used with a person giving a speech, performance or a lecture. - We attribute this public distance to these settings because of the implications that go along with breaking these boundaries. - When a person is teaching a class or giving a speech, the implied distance zone is much greater than any of the others because the attention is intended to be focused on them. - Personal Space is a specific environment-behavior concept. It has been defined by Robert Sommer as a small, invisible, protective sphere or bubble that an organism carries about and maintains between the self and others, that is, a body buffer zone of personal, not shared space. - Individual characteristics (personality, mood, sex, age) affect personal space along with social norms and cultural rules associated with different physical environment contexts. - Personal space increases with age until later life when it decreases again and people feel greater personal-space needs in formal public settings. ## Proxemics has brought into consideration ideas on spatial perception. These are: - **Territories and Domain:** are places that a person or community secures as a partly or wholly owned spaces. - **Territorial Infringement:** happens when an outsider entered a territory with a perceived intention of taking-over it - **Defensible Space:** The physical environment that has created a perceived territory on which a person or a group of people is expected to exert territorial control and protection. **Territory and territoriality refer to a group of behavior settings that a person will personalize; mark own and defend.** **Territories have five defining characteristics:** 1. they contain spatial area; 2. they are possessed, owned, or controlled by an individual or group; 3. they satisfy some needs or motives like mating or status; 4. they are marked in either a concrete or symbolic way and; 5. people will defend them or at least feel discomfort if they are violated in any way by intruders. **Oscar Newman identified four factors that create defensible space:** - **Perceived and defensible territory** - including clear perception of public versus private zones and clear perception of the "gates" between zones. - **Natural surveillance** - which is the ability of residents to be able to see what's going on in their neighborhood - "eyes on the street" - **Image** - the physical attributes of a development that make it defendable and - **Milieu (surroundings)** - making the most of a development's location to places that will help to prevent crime - **Safe zones** - or the separation of desired safe space from high-activity or dangerous areas and the juxtaposition of safe and defensible spaces. **The types of territories are:** - **Primary territories:** body, home, private properties - **Secondary territories:** are interactional territories, place where we interact on social scale with other people and the community. - **Public territory:** least defended, and requires a sense of community for its defense, upkeep and maintenance. ## AR130P - Theory of Architecture 1 ## 1st Term 2425 ### AR. Sheila V. Elardo ## Design Methods & Process ## Process of Creating Space ### PERCEPTION - use direct, personal experiences of everyday spaces as prompts or as subject matter for architectural investigation and design. ### CONTROL AND CHANCE - make sense out of random constraints and qualities, stemming from the outcomes of the media investigations and the introduced material processes. ### MATERIAL PROCESSES - aware of how different media can shape architectural explorations and projects ### DESIGN AND THE DESIGN PROCESS ### DESIGN - activity of generating proposals that change something that already exists into something that is better. ### THE DESIGN PROCESS - going from an initial state to a future imagined state ### The Five-Step Design Process #### Initiation. - Initiation involves the recognition and definition of the problem to be solved. #### Preparation. - Includes the collection and analysis of information about the problem to be solved. - Other preparation activities include the gathering of base maps, of site and areal date (about the natural and made environment, traffic, utilities, and so on), of information about legal constraints and economics, and of finance data. #### Proposal Making. - An informed architect is prepared to generate ideas and make building proposals. Valid ideas can come at any time in the design process, from the first meeting with a client to the end. - The actual process of making design proposals is often called "synthesis." #### Evaluation. - Evaluation in architectural design occurs at several scales and includes a variety of participants - designer, although designs are typically reviewed by clients, certain review boards (building inspectors, zoning and subdivision boards, or financial institutions), and the building's users. - The action stage of the design process includes the activities associated with preparing and implementing a project, (construction documents and acting as the liaison between the owner and the contractor). - Cycles, Feedback, Iteration. - Cyclic. A designer may run through the sequence quickly at the advent of a project to generate a range of preliminary or limited proposals. - "Feedback" describes the cyclic nature of the design process. - Iterative. The designer runs through the cycles a number of times; each cycle incorporates a larger number of issues and the synthesis becomes more sophisticated. ### THE DESIGN PROCESS IN STANDARD PRACTICE #### Basic Architectural Services - **Schematic Design.** The goal of schematic design is to establish the general characteristics of the building design, such as the scale required to satisfy the basic program requirements, disposition on the site, and estimated costs. - **Design Development.** The purpose of the design development phase is to describe the specific character and intent of the entire project. The documents produced include a site plan, floor plans, elevations and sections, with notes that describe the major materials. - **Construction Documents.** The phrase "construction documents" reflects the fact that construction is based on a combination of drawings called "working drawings" and written requirements called "specifications." In general, the drawings show location and quantity, and the specifications identify quality and recommended procedures. - **Bidding or Negotiating.** - Several general contractors may bid on the contract or the owner may prefer to negotiate with a single contractor. The architect has the role of facilitator. The construction contract is drawn up between the general contractor and the owner, rather than between the architect and the contractor. - **Administration of the Construction Contract.** - Contractor is responsible for building according to the documents. The architect acts as the agent of the client and interprets and supervises the correspondence between owner and builder. #### Additional Services - Predesign activities, including project administration, facilities programming, marketing studies, and project budgeting. - Site analysis, including site planning and development, utilities studies, property rezoning assistance, site analysis, and site selection. - Postconstruction services, including programs for maintenance, training of users, and the production of record or "as-built" drawings. - Other supplementary services, including construction management, selecting and placing art, value analysis, interior design, environmental monitoring, demonstration projects, graphics design, and energy studies. ### PROPOSAL MAKING: GRAPHIC EVIDENCE - Size impact of one's image of the project - Site of immediate importance. - zoning and subdivision requirements (height, setback, easements, and so on) - Siting, requires a series of drawings that record data about the site; its location and its man-made and natural features - "bubble diagrams." This graphic technique translates functions or activities into spatial arrangements in consideration of the relative scale of spaces, the connections among spaces, their orientation to the site, and the like. - Image of building spaces. The designer explores alternative ways in which functions might be accommodated, or alternative physical forms that respond to program activities. - Information. One constantly finds the need for additional information. - Synthesize previous studies. This requires that the designer make decisions as to what is important and what is not. ### SKILLS - The designer should have knowledge of a wide variety of issues and methods, and a set of specific skills that facilitate the application of that knowledge to the client's project. - **Graphic Skills** - Graphic skill in architecture basically means drawing, but it also includes a variety of other skills associated with model building, printing, photography, and the graphic arts. - The other type of graphic skill involves drawings used to generate design proposals and includes diagraming and abstraction. - **Intellectual Skills** - Architecture is both rational and intelligent; building design is the product of considerable knowledge and the appropriate application of that knowledge. - Architects must use both deductive and inductive reasoning. Deduction derives a conclusion from an initial premise or general belief; it generates a specific conclusion from a general situation. - Inductive reasoning or inference generates a general belief from one or several individual observations. Evidence is collected from various sources to support a general rule. - **Self-Criticism** - self-criticism is the ability of the designer to pass critical judgment (positive and negative) on his or her own work.