Immune System Overview PDF

4/29/2024 Chapter 18 Assessment of Immune Function Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 1 Introduction  Immunity Innate ‒ First line: Physical, biochemical, mechanical ‒ Second line: non-specific immune cells Adaptive ‒ Acquired immunity ‒ Result of natural exposure, maternal antibodies, vaccinations...

4/29/2024 Chapter 18 Assessment of Immune Function Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 1 Introduction  Immunity Innate ‒ First line: Physical, biochemical, mechanical ‒ Second line: non-specific immune cells Adaptive ‒ Acquired immunity ‒ Result of natural exposure, maternal antibodies, vaccinations, infusion of immune serum globulin Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 2 The Immune Response Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 3 1 4/29/2024 Lymph Nodes and the Lymphatic System Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 4 Anatomy of the Immune System  Lymph nodes and the lymphatic system Network of vessels that transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph fluid) that has not been reabsorbed (lymph fluid) back to the bloodstream Maintains fluid balance Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 5 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_1)  Thymus Central lymphoid organ T cell development/maturation  Bone marrow B and T lymphocyte formation; differentiates B and T cells B cell maturation  Spleen Blood filter Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 6 2 4/29/2024 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_2)  Tonsils Traps inhaled bacteria and viruses  Adenoids Defends against inhaled bacteria and viruses  Peyer’s patches On mucosa of small intestine Immune sensors to GI tract Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 7 Central and Peripheral Organs of the Immune System Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 8 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_3)  Leukocytes Neutrophils: Phagocytes of early inflammation that destroy bacteria Basophils: Release heparin as an anticoagulant and histamine during the early inflammatory response Eosinophils: Phagocytes that destroy allergens and combat parasitic infections Macrophages: Phagocytes and initiators of the inflammatory response that digest and destroy, or phagocytize, microorganisms and other debris Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 9 3 4/29/2024 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_4)  Lymphocytes: Formed in the bone marrow and are found in the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus and enter the bloodstream through the lymphatic system B lymphocytes: Humoral immune responses ‒ Mature in bone marrow ‒ Immunoglobulins (antibodies produced by B cells) T lymphocytes: Cell- mediated ‒ Natural killer cells (target viruses and tumor cells) Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 10 Process of Differentiation of T-Cell and B-Cell Lymphocytes Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 11 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_5)  Dendritic cells: Macrophage in lymphoid tissue Most potent antigen-presenting cells Aids in B and T cell recognition and response  Mast cells Found in skin and lining of respiratory and GI tract Release heparin and histamine Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 12 4 4/29/2024 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_6)  Cytokines: small proteins that act to regulate immune responses Interleukins Interferon Tumor necrosis factor alpha Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 13 Anatomy of the Immune System (continued_7)  Complement system: Cell-killing for innate and acquired immunity Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 14 Physiology of Immune Function  Innate immune response Immediate nonspecific response Response without memory Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 15 5 4/29/2024 Physiology of Immune Function (continued_1)  Physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers Skin Mucous membranes Protective lining of organs Mechanisms ‒ Sloughing, sneezing, vomiting, urination Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 16 Physiology of Immune Function (continued_2)  Inflammatory response Response to tissue damage ‒ Infection, trauma, noxious compounds Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 17 Acute Inflammatory Response Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 18 6 4/29/2024 Physiology of Immune Function (continued_3)  Adaptive immune response Cellular Humoral Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 19 Adaptive Immune Response Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 20 Physiology of Immune Function (continued_4)  Cellular mediated response T cells Direct destruction of foreign or abnormal cells Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 21 7 4/29/2024 Physiology of Immune Function (continued_5)  Humoral-mediated response Agglutination: Facilitates phagocytosis and enables the body to clear itself of the invading organism Opsonization: Antigen–antibody binding is coated with a pasty substance, also facilitates phagocytosis and assists in the clearing of the invading organism Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 22 Assessment of the Immune System  History Age Current medications Family history Social history Nutritional status Infection history Immunizations Chronic illnesses Autoimmune disorders Cancer Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 23 Assessment of the Immune System (continued_1)  Physical examination Inspection Auscultation Palpation and percussion Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 24 8 4/29/2024 Assessment of the Immune System (continued_2)  Diagnostic studies Blood tests Skin tests Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy Radiological imaging Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 25 Age-Related Changes in the Immune System Copyright ©2024 F.A. Davis Company 26 9