Units 1_2 Vocabulary List PDF

Learning the following vocabulary for this unit(s) is crucial to understanding the content: Know these terms: 1. Bureaucracy- a body of unelected government officials or an administrative policy-making group.Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departmen...

Learning the following vocabulary for this unit(s) is crucial to understanding the content: Know these terms: 1. Bureaucracy- a body of unelected government officials or an administrative policy-making group.Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials. Click here for more… 2. Confucianism - a system of thought that is one of the most influential religious philosophies in the history of China, and it has existed for over 2,500 years. It is concerned with inner virtue, morality, and respect for the community and its values. With particular emphasis on the importance of the family and social harmony, rather than on an otherworldly source of spiritual values,the core of Confucianism is humanistic. Click here for more… 3. Buddhism - an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It is the world's fourth-largest religion,with over 520 million followers. Click here for more… 4. Artisanal - made in a traditional or non-mechanized way. Click here for more… 5. Manufacturing - the creation or production of goods with the help of equipment, labor, machines, tools, and chemical or biological processing or formulation. Click here for more… 6. Islam - an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad. Adherents of Islam, called Muslims, number approximately 2 billion globally. Muslims believe that Islam is the complete and universal version of a primordial faith that was revealed many times through earlier prophets such as Adam (believed to be the first man), Ibrahim, Noah, Moses, and Isa (Jesus), among others. Muslims consider the Quran to be the verbatim word of God and the unaltered, final revelation. Click here for more… 7. Judaism - an Abrahamic, monotheistic, and ethnic religion comprising the collective religious, cultural, and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Israelites, their ancestors.The Torah is part of the larger text known as the Tanakh. The Tanakh is also known to secular scholars of religion as the Hebrew Bible, and to Christians as the "Old Testament". Click here for more… 8. Christianity - an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. It is the world's largest and most widespread religion with roughly 2.4 billion followers representing one-third of the global population.The creeds of various Christian denominations generally hold in common Jesus as the Son of God—the Logos incarnated—who ministered, suffered, and died on a cross, but rose from the dead for the salvation of humankind; and referred to as the gospel, meaning the "good news". Click here for more… 9. Hinduism - an Indian religion or dharma, a religious and universal order or way of life by which followers abide. As a religion, it is the world's third-largest, with over 1.2–1.35 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population, known as Hindus. Prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include the four Puruṣārthas, the proper goals or aims of human life; namely, dharma (ethics/duties), artha (prosperity/work), kama (desires/passions) and moksha (liberation/freedom from the passions and the cycle of death and rebirth) Click here for more… 10. Abbasid Caliphate - the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. They ruled as caliphs for most of the caliphate from their capital in Baghdad in modern-day Iraq, after having overthrown the Umayyad Caliphate in the Abbasid Revolution of 750 CE. Baghdad became the center of science, culture and invention in what became known as the Golden Age of Islam. Click here for more… 11. Turkic - The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages. In this period, the Turkic people came to prominence as the rulers of many Sultanates in Dar al-Islam and Central and South Asia. Click here for more… 12. Sufis - a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism, asceticism and esotericism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" and historically typically belonged to "orders". Sufism emerged early on in Islamic history, partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early Umayyad Caliphate (661–750). Click here for more… 13. Missionaries - A missionary is a member of a religious group which is sent into an area in order to promote its faith or provide services to people, such as education, literacy, social justice, health care, and economic development. Click here for more… 14. State-Building - refers to political and historical processes of creation, institutional consolidation, stabilization and sustainable development of states, from the earliest emergence of statehood up to the modern times. Click here for more… 15. Decentralized - the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it. Click here for more… 16. Feudalism - a way of structuring society around relationships that were derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor. The classic definition describes a set of reciprocal legal and military obligations which existed among the warrior nobility and revolved around the three key concepts of lords, vassals, and fiefs.Click here for more… 17. Manorialism - the method of land ownership (or "tenure") in parts of Europe, notably France and later England, during the Middle Ages. Its defining features included a large, sometimes fortified manor house in which the lord of the manor and his dependents lived and administered a rural estate, and a population of laborers who worked the surrounding land to support themselves and the lord. These laborers fulfilled their obligations with labor time or in-kind produce at first, and later by cash payment as commercial activity increased. Manorialism was part of the feudal system. Click here for more… 18. Serfdom - the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return, they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labor to maintain roads. Click here for more… 19. Coerced - work a person does for another person (or for the state) under compulsion, receiving little or no recompense. The most common forms of coercive labor are slavery, corvée labor, serfdom, and debt peonage. Historically, agricultural societies have tended to rely more on coercive labor than pastoralist and industrial societies. Click here for more… 20. Commercial - the large-scale organized system of activities, functions, procedures and institutions that directly or indirectly contribute to the smooth, unhindered distribution and transfer of goods and services on a substantial scale and at the right time, place, quantity, quality and price through various channels from the original producers to the final consumers within local, regional, national or international economies. Examples include business, or trade. Click here for more… 21. Caravanserai - the Persian compound word variant combining kārvān "caravan" with -sarāy "palace", "building with enclosed courts". Here "caravan" means a group of traders, pilgrims or other travelers, engaged in long-distance travel.. Click here for more… 22. Credit - is the trust which allows one party to provide money or resources to another party wherein the second party does not reimburse the first party immediately (thereby generating a debt), but promises either to repay or return those resources (or other materials of equal value) at a later date. Click here for more… 23. Textiles - an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc. At first, the word "textiles" only referred to woven fabrics. However, weaving is not the only manufacturing method, and many other methods were later developed to form textile structures based on their intended use. Knitting and non-woven are other popular types of fabric manufacturing. Click here for more… 24. Khanates - the name for a type of historic polity ruled by a khan. Khanates were typically nomadic Turkic, Mongol and Tatar societies located on the Eurasian Steppe, politically equivalent in status to kinship-based chiefdoms and feudal monarchies. Khanates were organized tribally, where leaders gained power on the support and loyalty of their warrior subjects, gaining tribute from subordinates as realm funding. Click here for more… 25. Astrolabe - an astronomical instrument dating back to ancient times. It serves as a star chart and physical model of visible heavenly bodies. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analog calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. Click here for more… 26. Compass - a device that shows the cardinal directions used for navigation and geographic orientation. It commonly consists of a magnetized needle or other element, such as a compass card or compass rose, which can pivot to align itself with magnetic north. Click here for more… 27. Diaspora - a population that is scattered across regions which are separate from its geographic place of origin. The word is used in reference to people who identify with a specific geographic location, but currently reside elsewhere Click here for more… 28. Indigenous - the first inhabitants of an area and their descendants. Click here for more… 29. Monsoon - among several geographically distributed global monsoons. It affects the Indian subcontinent, where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Click here for more… 30. Epidemic - the rapid spread of disease to a large number of hosts in a given population within a short period of time. 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