Global Studies Honors Mid-Term Test Study Guide 2024 PDF

Ms. Kleber Global Studies Honors December 2024 SEMESTER Study guide Chapter 1 Vocabulary Agnostic A person who practices a form of atheism that often expresses an indifference to the search for God. In some cases, an agnostic may make no judgment of God’s ex...

Ms. Kleber Global Studies Honors December 2024 SEMESTER Study guide Chapter 1 Vocabulary Agnostic A person who practices a form of atheism that often expresses an indifference to the search for God. In some cases, an agnostic may make no judgment of God’s existence while declaring it impossible to prove, affirm, or deny. When it rejects God and the religious and moral truths attainable through human reason, agnosticism, like atheism, is a serious sin. Apostle A term meaning “one who is sent.” Jesus called twelve of his disciples to become his Apostles, chosen witnesses of his Resurrection, and the foundation on which he built the Church. As Jesus was sent by the Father, so he sent his chosen disciples to preach the Gospel to the whole world. Atheist A person who denies in theory and/or practice that God exists. Atheism is a sin against the virtue of religion, a requirement of the First Commandment. Bible Sacred Scripture; the books that contain the truth of God’s Revelation and were composed by human writers inspired by the Holy Spirit. Bishop One who has received the fullness of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, which makes him a member of the episcopal college and a successor of the Apostles. He is a shepherd of a particular church entrusted to him. Christ A Greek translation of the Hebrew Messiah, which means “anointed one.” It became the name proper to Jesus because he accomplished perfectly the divine mission of the priest, prophet, and King, signified by his anointing as Messiah, “Christ.” Covenant A binding and solemn agreement between human beings or between God and people, holding each other to a particular course of action. Deposit of Faith “The heritage of faith contained in Sacred Scripture and Sacred Tradition, handed down in the Church from the time of the Apostles, from which the Magisterium draws all that it proposes for belief as being divinely revealed” (Catechism of the Catholic Church, Glossary). Divine Relating to or proceeding directly from God. Divine Revelation The way God communicates knowledge of himself to humankind, a self- communication realized by his actions and words over time, most fully by his sending us his divine Son, Jesus Christ. Doctor of the Church A title officially conferred on a saint by the pope or by a general council declaring that person to be holy, wise, learned, and therefore a source of sound theological teaching for the Church. See page 000 for a complete list of the Doctors of the Church. Faith One of the theological virtues. Faith is an acknowledgement of an allegiance to God. Holy Trinity The central mystery of the Christian faith; there are Three Divine Persons in one God: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Idolatry Worshipping something or someone other than the true God. Incarnation The assumption of a human nature by Jesus Christ, God’s eternal Son, who became man in order to save humankind from sin. The term literally means “being made flesh.” Magisterium The official teaching authority of the Church. Christ bestowed the right and power to teach in his name on Peter and the Apostles and their successors. The Magisterium is the bishops in communion with the successor of Peter, the bishop of Rome (the pope). Monotheism From the Greek words monos (one) and theos (God); the belief in one all-powerful God. Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are the three great monotheistic religions. Natural Revelation The knowledge of the existence of God and his basic attributes that can be derived by human reason while reflecting on the created order. New Testament The twenty-seven books of the Bible written by the sacred authors in apostolic times, which have Jesus Christ, the incarnate Son of God—his life, his teachings, his Passion and glorification, and the beginnings of his Church—as their central theme. Old Testament The forty-six books of the Bible that record the history of Salvation from Creation through the old alliance or covenant with Israel, in preparation for the appearance of Christ as Savior of the world. Pentecost A Greek word that means “fiftieth day.” On this day, the Church celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon Mary and the Apostles. It is often called the “birthday of the Church.” Polytheism The belief, in opposition to Christian doctrine, that there are many gods. Religion The relationship between God and humans that results in a body of beliefs and a set of practices: creed, cult, and code. Religion expresses itself in worship and service to God and by extension to all people and all creation. Resurrection The rising of Jesus from the dead on the third day after his Death on the Cross. Jesus was able to conquer death because he is God. Sacred Scripture The written transmission of the Church’s Gospel message found in the Church’s teaching, life, and worship. It is faithfully preserved, handed down, and interpreted by the Church’s Magisterium. Sacred Tradition The living transmission of the Church’s Gospel message found in the Church’s teaching, life, and worship. It is faithfully preserved, handed down, and interpreted by the Church’s Magisterium. Salvation History The story of God’s saving action in human history. Secularism An indifference to religion and a belief that religion should be excluded from civil affairs and public education. Theology The study of the nature of God and religious truth. Theologians are people who conduct this study. Theist A person who believes in a personal and provident God. However, a theist may believe in one god or many gods. Chapter 2 Vocabulary Ark of the Covenant The most important symbol of the Jewish faith. It served as the only physical manifestation of God on earth. The Ark was built while the Israelites wandered in the desert and was used until the building of the First Temple. Canon The official list of inspired books of the Bible. Catholics list forty-six Old Testament books and twenty-seven New Testament books in their canon. Church Father A theologian of the first eight centuries of Christianity whose teachings made a lasting mark on the Church. Dead Sea Scrolls Old Testament manuscripts discovered in 1947 in a cave near the Dead Sea along with other writings. The manuscripts have proved very valuable to scholars studying the Old Testament and have revealed some Jewish practices in Jesus’ day. Evangelist One who proclaims in word and deed the Good News of Jesus Christ. “The Four Evangelists” refers to the authors of the four Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Exegesis The process used by scholars to discover the literal meaning of the biblical text. Exodus A foundational event in the history of the Chosen People that occurred when Moses led the Hebrews out of Egypt and slavery. Gentile A term for non-Jews. Lectio divina A Benedictine prayer tradition of “sacred reading”; its intent is for the person praying to meet God through the Scriptures. Literary genre A type of writing that has a particular form, style, or content. Literal sense (of the biblical text) “The meaning conveyed by the words of Scripture and discovered by exegesis, following the rules of sound interpretation” (CCC, 116). Liturgy The official public worship of the Church. The liturgy is first Christ’s work of Redemption, and of his continuing work of Redemption as he pours out his blessings through the sacraments. The Holy Spirit enlightens our faith and encourages us to respond. In this way, the liturgy is the participation of the People of God in the work of the Trinity. The sacraments and the Divine Office constitute the Church’s liturgy. Mass is the most important liturgical celebration. Liturgy of the Hours The prayer of the Church at specific times of the day; also known as the Divine Office. The Liturgy of the Hours uses readings from Scripture, particularly the psalms, and hymns. Oral tradition The process of sharing stories and other important pieces of information by word of mouth. Scribes People trained to write using the earliest forms of writing before literacy was widespread. Second Vatican Council A conference of bishops from around the world called by St. John XXIII to consider the Church in the modern world. It took place from 1962 to 1965. Septuagint A second-century BC Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible made at Alexandria, Egypt. The term is from a Latin word meaning “seventy” for the legendary seventy scholars who worked on the translation. Vulgate St. Jerome’s fourth-century translation of the Bible from Greek into the common language of the people of his day, Latin. Chapter 3 Vocabulary Apocalyptic Apocalypse is a Greek word for “revelation.” It also refers to a type of highly symbolic literature that contains apparitions about the future and the Final Judgment. This form of literature was used to give hope to a persecuted people that God’s goodness will triumph over evil. Catholic with a lowercase c, catholic means universal. Didache A Greek word that means “teaching.” In a Christian context this term refers to the earliest known writing in Christianity aside from the New Testament. Epistle A letter. In the New Testament, epistles are letters intended for public reading. Galilee A large region in the north of the modern nation of Israel, north of Samaria at the time of Jesus. Gospel A word meaning “Good News.” Gospel refers to three distinct but interrelated concepts: Jesus Christ himself is the Gospel; his message is the Gospel; and the four written accounts of his Life, Death, Resurrection, and Ascension in the New Testament are Gospels. Judges Military leaders who led Old Testament Israelite tribes in battles with their oppressors. Kerygma The core or essential message of the Gospel that Jesus Christ is Lord. One example is Acts 2:14–36. Law The Law helped the Israelites live in conformity to God’s will. There are 613 laws listed in the last four books of the Pentateuch. Pentateuch A Greek term for the first five books of the Bible. Remnant A name for the exiles and former exiles who remained faithful to God during the time of the Babylonian Captivity and who were expected to restore Jerusalem. Chapter 4 Vocabulary Adonai A name for God meaning “Lord” or “master,” which the Israelites used out of respect for the sacredness of the name YHWH. Circumcision The surgical removal of the male foreskin; it was the physical sign of the covenant between God and Abraham. Devil The name for the fallen angel who refused to accept God or his Kingdom. Another word for the devil is Satan, or the “Evil One.” Elohim A common Semitic word for God used in the Bible. Elohim appears in Hebrew names like Mich-a-el, Dan-i-el, and Ari-el. Fall A short form of “the Fall of Adam and Eve” which describes their explusion from paradise in the Garden of Eden into exile as a consequence of their disobedience. They symbolically “fell” from the state of Original Holiness and Original Justice into the state of Original Sin. Free will The capacity to choose among alternatives. Free will is “the power, rooted in reason and will... To perform deliberate actions on one’s own responsibility” (CCC, 1731). True freedom is at the service of what is good and true. Hebrews The first name given by biblical authors to the Chosen People, most likely after Eber, the ancestor of several Semitic peoples who lived in Canaan. Jews The term for people who lived or were born in ancient Judea. Original Holiness and Original Justice The state of Adam and Eve before sin. The grace of Original Holiness was for people to share in God’s life. The main gifts of Original Justice were that people would not have to suffer or die. Original Justice also guaranteed an inner harmony of the human person, the harmony between man and woman, and the harmony between Adam and Eve and all of creation. Original Sin The sin of disobedience committed by Adam and Eve that resulted in their loss of Original Holiness and Original Justice and their becoming subject to sin and death. Original Sin also describes the fallen state of human nature into which all generations of people are born. Christ Jesus saved humanity from Original Sin. The Sacrament of Baptism restores Original Holiness, but not Original Justice (see CCC, 400). Passover A sacred feast that first occurred prior to God’s saving the Israelites from the Egyptians. The angel of death “passed over” the houses with lambs’ blood smeared on their doorposts and lintels. The Passover then became a religious celebration reminding the Chosen People of God’s deliverance, Salvation, fidelity, and love. Patriarchs A name to describe “fathers of the faith,” male rulers, elders, or leaders. The patriarchs of the faith are Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Protoevangelium A Latin term meaning “first gospel” and is the initial sign of the very good news that God did not abandon humanity’s first parents or their descendants after they committed sin. Eve’s offspring (Jesus) would someday destroy the snake (sin and death). Sinai Covenant The covenant God made with his Chosen People through Moses on Mount Sinai; it bound God and his Chosen People in a loving union and gave the Israelites the Law so they would know how they were to stay faithful to the covenant. Tabernacle The portable sanctuary in which the Jews carried the Ark of the Covenant throughout their travels in the desert. Ten Commandments The Ten Commandments summarize the Law, serving as its basic guide. Twelve Tribes of Israel The descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob (Israel). See Exodus 1:2–5, Numbers 1:20–43, or 1 Chronicles 1:1–2. YHWH God’s sacred name, revealed to Moses; it means “I am who I am” or “I AM” and is never pronounced by Jews. 1. Why is Jesus God’s perfect Revelation to human beings? Reflect on the information from Chapter 1. Section 3: Jesus is the Incarnation of God who accomplished the goal of Salvation History through his suffering, death, and Resurrection. Everything that God revealed in the Old Testament prepared the way for the coming of Jesus, and there will be no further revelation since the Resurrection and Ascension of Jesus. 2. Who are the three persons of the Holy Trinity? Give one way that each is active in your life. The three persons of the Trinity are the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. The Father created us and entrusted the world to us. The Son saved us from our sins and gave us the hope of Heaven. The Holy Spirit is present to us in the world today and sanctifies our daily experiences. 3. What do we mean when we say that the Holy Spirit inspired the human authors of the Bible? The Holy Spirit guided the human authors to use their background, education, skills, and talents to communicate the truths that God wanted his people to know. 4. Do all Bibles contain the same books? Explain. No. Catholic Bibles contain seven additional books in the Old Testament that Protestant Bibles do not. These are the deuterocanonical books and were included in the original Septuagint but not in the Jewish canon. 5. Explain the difference between a literalist and a literal understanding of Scripture. Which does the Catholic Church teach is the correct understanding? A literalist understanding takes every word and phrase to mean exactly what it says. A literal understanding, which the Catholic Church teaches to be correct, uses a variety of forms of exegesis to determine what the author was trying to communicate through the text. 6. 4 types of Criticisms used to study scripture. Reflect the information from Chapter 2 Section 2, describing either form, source, historical, or redaction criticism. You would need to match each criticism with an example. Examples are in the PowerPoint Literal and Spiritual sense. 7. How is a covenant similar to a contract? How is it different? Covenants are similar to contracts in that they are formal and binding agreements made between two people or groups. A covenant is different, though, in that it involves the sincere desire for the good of the other person or group, rather than just the protection of self-interests. 8. Briefly describe the events that make up the first chapters of Genesis: Creation, sin and the Fall, punishment, and God’s promise to Adam and Eve. God created the world and the first humans, Adam and Eve, and placed them in paradise.  1. They lived in communion with each other, in harmony with nature, and close friendship with God, but they chose to disobey God’s instruction not to eat the fruit of the tree of good and evil. 2. The term Original Sin refers to the “first” sin committed by Adam and Eve and it is their choice that affects all their descendants. a. It is sometimes simply called “the Fall” and describes their move from paradise to exile. b. The term also describes the brokenness in human experience which includes inner conflict, discord with others, apathy toward creation, and separation from God. c. They were able to make this choice because God had given them free will from the beginning of their existence. Because of this, they were cast out of the garden, but God did not abandon his people. 3. God promised that the woman’s offspring would destroy the snake which represents sin and death; in other words, he promised to send a Savior which is where the Story of Salvation starts. God didn’t rest and set apart different people until He incarnated in the second person of the Holy Spirit and redeemed humanity. Miscellaneous: Study the five (5) proofs of God’s existence. (Powerpoint under content by topic) The first five books of the Bible are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy The four categories (Sections) of the Old Testament are Pentateuch, Historical Books, Wisdom Books, Prophetic Books The stages of the formation of the Old Testament are Oral tradition, writing form, editing Illiterate people depended became capable of remembering a lot of information making oral tradition a reliable method. Moses-Book of Exodus (powerpoint) Literary Genre: Parable a vivid story told to convey religious truth, often with a surprise ending (see Mt 13:33) Fable a brief story with a moral, often involving animals that act and speak like human beings Judges 9:7–15) Sources of the Pentateuch: YAHWIST: This source uses a vivid, earthy style of writing, often attributing human emotions and physical traits to God. This approach is called anthropomorphism.  ELOHIST retells stories from the northern kingdom’s point of view with emphasis on the kings. DEUTERONOMIST portrays Israel’s history as a cycle of reward for faithfulness to the covenant and punishment by YHWH for sin. PRIESTLY: This source contains census lists, genealogies, numbers, dates, descriptions of proper ways to worship, and the proper use of clean and unclean animals. Like the Elohist, the Priestly source refers to God as Elohim. The Adamic Covenant Key Points: God’s promise: Dominion over creation, life in paradise. Human obligation: Obedience to God’s command. Outcome: The Fall and the first promise of redemption (Protoevangelium). The Noahic Covenant Key Points: God’s promise: Never to destroy the earth by flood again. Symbol: The rainbow. Universal covenant with all humanity. The Abrahamic Covenant Key Points: God’s promises: Land, descendants, and blessings for all nations. Human obligation: Faith and obedience. Symbol: Circumcision. The Mosaic Covenant Key Points: God’s promise: Israel as His chosen people. Human obligation: Obedience to the Law (Ten Commandments). Symbol: The Ark of the Covenant. The Davidic Covenant Key Points: God’s promise: An everlasting kingdom through David’s lineage. Fulfillment: Foreshadows the coming of the Messiah. Symbol: The throne. The New Covenant (Jesus) Key Points: God’s promise: Salvation and eternal life through Jesus Christ. Fulfillment: Through Jesus’ death and resurrection. Symbol: The Eucharist (Body and Blood of Christ). Sections of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: This set of books contains stories of prehistory and the patriarchs Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Historical Books: These books describe how God remained faithful to the covenant and how the Israelites struggled to live according to the Law through time. Wisdom Book: These books address the ways that God works in individuals’ everyday lives. Prophetic Books: This set of books tells how God sent prophets to encourage the people of Israel to stay faithful to their covenant with him. Some People of the Old Testament: Adam and Eve: The first humans created by God. Cain and Abel: The sons of Adam and Eve, illustrate the spread of sin. Noah: A man whom God saved from the flood and made a covenant with. Abraham: A man who was called by God to leave his home and received promises of becoming a great nation. Isaac: Son of Abraham, had twin sons named Esau and Jacob. Jacob: The son of Isaac and Rebekah. Esau: The firstborn son of Isaac and Rebecca, who was tricked by his brother. The Twelve Tribes of Israel: The descendants of the twelve sons of Jacob. Rebecca: Isaac's wife who gave birth to twins, Esau and Jacob Some of the genre content in the Bible: Fable: A short story in which animals speak like humans. Genealogy: A record of one's lineage Creed: A statement of religious beliefs