Skeletal Systems Notes PDF

Skeletal Systems Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology, Pathology, and Diagnosis & Treatment of Skeletal Conditions  Function The skeletal system has many functions: Structure/Support Protection Anchoring and movement of muscles Makes blood cells Store...

Skeletal Systems Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology, Pathology, and Diagnosis & Treatment of Skeletal Conditions  Function The skeletal system has many functions: Structure/Support Protection Anchoring and movement of muscles Makes blood cells Store minerals, such as calcium and phosphorus ★ To make your study easier, you can look at the skeleton in two parts. The Axial and the Appendicular. Unit 2 Word Parts cont’d Unit 2 Word Parts Revealed Exam Review Prefix vs. Suffix vs. Combining Form vs. Root: ○ Prefix: word/letter placed before another word ○ Suffix: word/letter placed at the end of another word ○ Root: Most basic central part of a word; cannot be broken down into smaller terms ○ Combining Form: Root word + a combining vowel (usually ‘O’)  5 Types and Shapes of Bones Bone Composition ○ Compact bone Also called Cortical bone Dense, hard, and strong Lies under periosteum Contains medullary cavity, which houses yellow bone marrow Bone Composition Spongy bone – Also called trabecular bone or Cancellous Bone – Porous and less dense – Mainly found in epiphyses of long bones – Contains red bone marrow, where hematopoiesis (production of red blood cells) occurs  Bone Processes Process: A process is a bulging bony outgrowth of a larger bone. Bone Depression Depression: A dip in the bone structure  The Axial Skeleton Skull (cranium and facial bones) Thoracic cage (sternum and costals-ribs) Vertebral column (C-spine, T-spine, L-spine, S-spine, and coccyx) Skull Top of the skull is flat bone; bottom + mandible are irregular Fontanels Soft spaces (soft spots), present at birth, that allow for the enlargement of the skull as brain growth occurs Made up of membrane and cartilage, and turn into solid bone by approximately 18 months of age. Sutures Are areas where the cranial bones have joined together Arthritis Directions: Visit: Arthritis foundation website. Arthritis.org Type a brief (2 paragraph) report on any two forms of arthritis. Vertebrae Compose the spinal column (26-vertebrae) Protects the spinal cord and provides support for the head and trunk Divided into 5 sections: 1) cervical, 2) thoracic, 3) lumbar, 4) sacral, and 5) coccyx Vertebrae Compose the spinal column (26-vertebrae) Protects the spinal cord and provides support for the head and trunk Divided into 5 sections: 1) cervical, 2) thoracic, 3) lumbar, 4) sacral, and 5) coccyx  The Axial Skeleton Continuation Skull (cranium and facial bones) Thoracic cage (sternum and costals-ribs) Vertebral column (C-spine, T-spine, L-spine, S-spine, and coccyx) Intervertebral Disks Pads of cartilage tissue that separate the vertebrae Act as shock absorbers and permit bending and twisting movements of the vertebral column Ribs 12 pairs of ribs Attach to the thoracic vertebrae on the dorsal surface of the body The first 7 pairs are called true ribs because they attach directly to the sternum, or breastbone, on the front of the body The next 5 pair are called false ribs, and attach to cartilage extending from the rib above The last pair of ribs are called floating ribs because they have no attachment on the front of the body Sternum Breastbone consist of 3 parts: ○ 1) Manubrium ( upper region), ○ 2) Gladiolus (body), and the ○ 3)Xiphoid process (a small piece of cartilage at the bottom)  The Appendicular Skeleton Shoulder girdle Upper extremities (arms and hands) Pelvic girdle Lower extremities (legs and feet) Pectoral/Shoulder Girdle Is made up of: 2 clavicles (collarbones) and 2 scapula (shoulder bones) The scapula are utilized in the attachment of the upper arm bones Arms Each arm has: ○ 1 humerus (upper arm) ○ 1 radius (lower arm on thumb side) that rotates around the ulna to allow the hand to turn freely ○ 1 ulna (larger bone of lower arm) with a projection called the olecranon process at its upper end, forming the elbow Pelvic Girdle Made up of 2 coxae (hip bones) Join the sacrum on the dorsal part of the body Fuse together a joint called the symphysis pubis on the ventral part of the body Legs Each leg has: ○ 1 femur (thigh bone) ○ 1 patella (kneecap) ○ 1 tibia (larger weight bearing bone of the lower leg; shin bone) ○ 1 fibula (slender, smaller bone of the lower leg that attaches to the proximal end of the tibia Joints Areas where two or more bones join together Connective tissue bands, called ligaments, help hold long bones together at joints There are 3 main types of joints: 1) Diarthroses or synovial, 2) Amphiarthroses, 3) Synarthroses  Diarthroses— freely movable; ie- elbow Types of Joints Amphiarthroses— slightly movable; ie- ribs and thoracic vertebrae Synarthroses— immovable; ie sutures  Incomplete Fracture A break that does not go all the way across the bone and the pieces of bone do not separate.  Closed/Simple Open/Compound Fracture Fracture Broken bone does not Bone pierces the skin and pierce the skin pathogens can get inside the body and infect body tissues, including the broken bone. Open (compound): The broken bone breaks the skin.  Joint Disorders Bursitis -infection of bursa (a fluid-filled sac that cushions certain joints and tendons Arthritis-inflammation of a joint. One of the most common non-infectious diseases, affecting nearly 1 in 7 people in the United States.  Diagnostic Tests and Procedures Arthroscopy arthr / o / scopy Lumbar puncture lumb / ar Visualizing of the Needle inserted joint with the use into lumbar region of an arthroscope to remove fluid X-ray  Diseases and Conditions Cancer of bone Myeloma marrow Osteosarcoma myel / oma oste / o / sarc / Ostealgia oma Bone cancer oste / algia Bone pain Scoliosis Curved Osteomyelitis condition scoli / osis oste / o / myel / itis Subluxation Bone and bone sub / lux / Misalignment of the bones ation marrow inflammation  Therapeutic Drug Treatments Analgesic - pain reliever Anti-inflammatory agents- reduces inflammation & swelling Antipyretic - reduce fever Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID): ex. ○ Ibuprofen: Advil, Motrin ○ Aspirin  Healthy Bones To keep your skeletal system strong and healthy, you should: ○ Get plenty of vitamin D and calcium in your diet (try milk, yogurt or almonds) to keep bones strong. ○ Drink plenty of water to help keep tissues healthy. ○ Exercise regularly to strengthen bones and joints. ○ Wear protective gear during contact sports such as football and hockey. ○ Be cautious on stairs to avoid falls. ○ At 18 get a blood test for more information about YOUR body Do Now Review Review Review