Unit IV 24 25 PDF - Teaching Methods & Planning

MIDW 485/NURS 413: PRINCIPLES, THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF NURSE/ MIDWIFERY EDUCATION  THE CONCEPT OF TEACHING I 09/11/2024 2  UNIT FOUR: CONCEPT OF TEACHING I SECTION 1: Towards a Definition SECTION 2: Qualities of a Good Teacher SECTION 3: Roles of...

MIDW 485/NURS 413: PRINCIPLES, THEORIES AND PRACTICES OF NURSE/ MIDWIFERY EDUCATION  THE CONCEPT OF TEACHING I 09/11/2024 2  UNIT FOUR: CONCEPT OF TEACHING I SECTION 1: Towards a Definition SECTION 2: Qualities of a Good Teacher SECTION 3: Roles of a Teacher SECTION 4: Planning to Teach SECTION 5: Teaching Methods and Learning Materials SECTION 6: Teaching Methods & Learning Domains 09/11/2024 3  Introduction If you are interested in teaching or have a presentation to do, you probably looking forward for that first day with great anticipation Several questions run through your mind as you prepare to come and teach But what does it mean to teach? This question must be answered for a teacher to be effective 09/11/2024 4  DEFINITION Teaching is defined as the action of a person imparting skill or knowledge or giving instruction Teaching could however be formal or informal. Formal teaching: A trained teacher who acts as an instructor. Delivery is done using a formal curriculum. Teacher exercises firm control over the students Informal teaching: Has no structured curriculum to guide teaching 09/11/2024 5  Qualities of a Good Teacher Explanations are clear Establishes a productive classroom atmosphere Uses friendly humour Creates excellent teacher-student relationship 09/11/2024 6  Qualities of a Good Teacher Exercises Displays good intellectual clasroom honesty control and discipline Has respect for students 09/11/2024 7  Roles of a Teacher These roles can be grouped into 3 broad categories: Instructional expert Teachers play many roles, This core role of the teacher some of which interlock requires that he plans, guides and evaluates learning and overlap. Specifically, the teacher decides on: what to teach what teaching materials to use 09/11/2024 8  Roles of a Teacher The best teaching method to teach the selected content and How to evaluate learning These decisions are however influenced by: State-suggested curricular goals The teacher’s knowledge of learning theory & motivation The abilities & needs of your students The teacher’s personality & needs 09/11/2024 9  Manager -This role requires the skills needed to maintain order in the classroom. E.g. laying down rules and procedures for learning activities -Also involves showing a positive attitude toward school and learning ROLES OF A TEACHER 09/11/2024 10  Roles of a Teacher Manage and process many clerical work. Thus, teachers must: Read and score tests Enter marks Records attendance Maintains files Write letters 09/11/2024 11  Roles of a Teacher Counsellor This skill is needed to ensure effective interpersonal sensitivity and deal with day-to-day problems in school Thus, the teacher must be prepared to assist students & parents in managing behaviour problems This helps to enhance students learning and development 09/11/2024 12  PLANNING TO TEACH 09/11/2024 13  Introduction A key to effective teaching is planning Planning can be said to be a decision-making process A teacher must plan well in order to teach well. The better prepared the teacher is, the more likely she/he will be able to handle whatever unexpectedly happens in the lesson. 09/11/2024 14  Introduction A teacher however needs certain skills in order to plan well Proper classroom planning keep teachers organized and on track while teaching, thus allowing them to teach more, and helps students reach objectives more easily and manage less. 09/11/2024 15  Importance of planning Specifically, lesson planning is important because : Provides a coherent framework for smooth efficient teaching. helps the teacher to be more organized. gives a sense of direction in relation to the syllabus. Helps the teacher to be more confident when delivering the lesson. 09/11/2024 16  Importance of planning Provides a useful basis for future planning. Helps the teacher to plan lessons which cater for different students. Is a proof that the teacher has taken a considerable amount of effort in his/her teaching. 09/11/2024 17  Levels of Planning Planning for course teaching occurs They are: planning at 4 levels. weekly daily lesson unit planning planning planning 09/11/2024 18  Course Planning It is the most general type of planning done by teachers for the year Although textbooks are mostly used in designing this plan, supplementary materials could also be integrated in planning the course Courses are usually divided into units of study that represent smaller sections of the year’s work in a given subject Each unit is organized around a specific topic or concept with time allotments made 09/11/2024 19 Course Time allotted for a unit depends on: Planning content of the topic the teaching methods required to effectively teach the topic importance of the topic Course planning helps the teacher to gather more and better media and instructional materials by the time they are needed. 09/11/2024 20  EXAMPLE OF A COURSE PLAN COURSE TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS CLASS: LEVEL 300 DURATION: 3 MONTHS SEMESTER: FIRST, 2024/2025 UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH ( 4 WEEKS) Section 1: Definition of Research Section 2: Types of Research I Section 3: Types of Research II Section 4: Types of Research III 09/11/2024 21  EXAMPLE OF A COURSE PLAN UNIT 2: THE RESEARCH PROCESS (4 WEEKS) Section 1:Identification of Research Problem and Topic Section 2:Justification and Problem Statement Section 3:The purpose and objectives of the Study Section 4: Proposal Writing UNIT 3: RESEARCH METHODS ( 4 WEEKS) Section 1:Quantitative Research Method Section 2: Qualitative Research Method Section 3: Critical Issues in Research Methodology Section 4: Ethical Issues in Research 09/11/2024 22  Unit planning Courses are usually divided into units of study. A unit of study is a series of many intended learning activities and experiences unified around a topic, theme or concept. A well-structured unit should include the following: ▪ A Topic ▪ Outcomes & Indicators ▪ Content outline Learning activities Resources & materials Evaluation 09/11/2024 23  EXAMPLE OF A UNIT PLAN UNIT I: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH Section 1: Definition of Research Section 2: Types of Research I Section 3: Types of Research II Section 4: Types of Research III SECTIONS LEARNING LEARNING TEACHING ASSESSMENT/ OUTCOMES INDICATORS METHODS & EVALUATION LEARNING MATERIALS Definition of By the end of By the end of Lecture Individual Class Research the unit, the unit, Discussion work Definition of students should students should Group assignment research 09/11/2024 be able to: be able to: 24 Importance of Demonstrate 1. Identify and  EXAMPLE OF A UNIT PLAN SECTIONS LEARNING LEARNING TEACHING ASSESSMENT/ OUTCOMES INDICATORS METHODS & EVALUATION LEARNING MATERIALS Section 2: Types By the end of Lecture Class test of Research I the unit, you Discussion Reading Research should be able assignment according to to White board application Demonstrate List the two Marker perspectives knowledge of research under Research research application according to according to Discuss the aims of research application of difference research between basic and applied research Demonstrate Explain the knowledge and various aims of understanding of research 09/11/2024 aims of research 25  Weekly plans They are layout sheet on which the teacher shows what lessons will be taught during the week Thus, a weekly plan shows the week’s daily lesson plans written on special forms provided by the school or in a daily plan book A weekly plan usually outlines the following: ▪ topics ▪ a brief description of the activities ▪ class period for each day of the week ▪ assignments for the week 09/11/2024 26  Daily Lesson Plans A daily lesson plan is the most specific type of plan in the teaching-learning process It represents the class activities for a single day Daily plans follow naturally from a well- designed unit plan In planning to teach, a teacher must answer the following questions: 09/11/2024 27  Daily Lesson Plans What content should be taught? What are the desired learner outcomes? What teaching materials will be needed? What is the best way to introduce the subject? What is the best instructional strategy for the intended learning? How should the lesson be closed? How should the students be evaluated? 09/11/2024 28  Daily Lesson Plans A daily lesson plan is a sequential planning process that should include the following sections: ▪ Content ▪ Objectives ▪ Introduction ▪ Teaching methods ▪ Resources & materials ▪ Evaluation ▪ Closure 09/11/2024 29  Daily Lesson Plans Teachers, however, vary in their approach to daily planning Some develop detailed daily plans, whereas others merely write out a few notes as reminders Regardless of the format chosen, your daily plan should consist of three key points. They are: ▪ the introduction ▪ the lesson itself (strategy and procedure) ▪ the lesson closure 09/11/2024 30  EXAMPLE OF A DAILY LESSON PLAN Topic: Definition of Research Duration: 40 minutes Date: 11/10/2024 Learning Outcomes and Indicators Learning outcome Learning indicators By the end of the lesson, you should be able to Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of Research Discuss various research definitions Identify keywords in one definition 09/11/2024 31  EXAMPLE OF A DAILY LESSON PLAN Teaching Method: Pure lecture method Teaching material: Marker, whiteboard Introduction: Review of the previous knowledge on previous knowledge of research techniques in MNTC. This morning, we are going discuss definition of research. 5 min. Main content: 20 minutes …………………………………………………………………………………… Evaluation: oral questions. 10 minutes Closure: Summary from the lecturer. 5 minutes 09/11/2024 32  Steps in the planning process Selecting the content Content to be taught can be determined by using: - state-mandated learner outcomes - Curriculum guides - Recommended textbooks - Diagnosing students’ needs from past class evaluation 09/11/2024 33  Steps in the planning process Writing the lesson objectives - Should specify exactly what students should know about the content - Should also specify what attitudes and values should be developed by students - Specify what skills are required of students - Thus, the objectives should specify exactly what students should be able to do upon completion of the lesson or unit of study - This should be in relation to the cognitive, affective or psychomotor domains of learning 09/11/2024 34  Steps in the planning process Lesson introduction - Aims to get the undivided attention of the students - This require certain instructional skills Selecting an instructional strategy/method - The teacher must select the strategy that best fit the student's maturity level, learning styles - This is a key step in the planning process Closing/ending the lesson - This summarises the whole lesson/content delivered - It must be planned in order to make the lesson content meaningful and fully understood 09/11/2024 35  Steps in the planning process Evaluation - The teacher determines whether the students have achieved the lesson objectives - This could be the starting point for the next lesson 09/11/2024 36  TEACHING METHODS 09/11/2024 37  Introduction Teaching method is a key factor to determine the way students understand a lesson. If the teacher chooses a wrong teaching method, the teacher will end up with poor outcomes. To be a successful and effective teacher, you must know how to use each method effectively A teacher must use alternate number of methods to meet the demand of every student in the class 09/11/2024 38  definition Teaching methods refer to the systematic procedures used by the teacher in delivering their instruction in order to accomplish the objectives of the lesson Method therefore has to do with the way a teacher communicates the subject to the students. 09/11/2024 39  Categories of teaching methods Generally, teaching methods can be classified into depending on the control by the teacher and learner in the teaching-learning process - Teacher- centred methods - Student-centred methods Different teaching methods can be combined and used in a lesson 09/11/2024 40  Categories of teaching methods a) Teacher-centred teaching methods The teacher has total control of the teaching The learner is therefore passive Examples include: - Lecture - Demonstration 09/11/2024 41  Categories of teaching methods b) student-centred teaching methods The student is actively engaged in the learning activity Examples include: - Role play - Case studies - Presentations C) Others: Simulations, Discussion 09/11/2024 42  PURE LECTURE METHOD Commonest teaching used in the university and other higher education institutions It involves a person presenting information on a particular topic to another topic or group of people The students listen and take notes Mostly combined with other teaching methods such as demonstration, illustration 09/11/2024 43  PURE LECTURE METHOD Advantages Disadvantages - Suitable for quick - Audience is passive dissemination of - Learning is difficult to information gauge - Large amount of the lesson/information can be delivered in a short time - Less teaching materials is needed 09/11/2024 44  ILLUSTRATED LECTURE It involves the use of pictures, -chats, diagrams, -film slides used to illustrate or explain the relationship between facts, principles or ideas Similar to the lecture-demonstration method 09/11/2024 45  ILLUSTRATED LECTURE Advantages Disadvantages Help to clarify facts hence - Time-consuming encourages understanding - Teaching materials needed may be expensive 09/11/2024 46  DISCUSSION Requires careful planning by facilitator to guide discussion Mostly, a set of questions are written before the discussion 09/11/2024 47  DISCUSSION Advantages Disadvantages - Learners are actively - Few people can dominate involved in the learning and others may not process participate - Encourages tolerance by - Is time consuming others - Can get off the track - Students thinking & comm skills can be improved - Effective after a presentation, film or experience that needs to be analyzed 09/11/2024 48  ROLE PLAY Teacher has to define problem situation and roles clearly The teacher must also give very clear instructions 09/11/2024 49  ROLE PLAY Advantages Disadvantages Introduces problem situation People may be too self- dramatically conscious Provides opportunity for People may feel threatened people to assume roles of others and thus appreciate another point of view Allows for exploration of solutions Provides opportunity to practice skills 09/11/2024 50  DEMONSTRATION A method in which the teacher does something in the presence of the students in order to show them how that thing is done When combined with explanation or lecture, it is termed lecture-demonstration The teacher has 3 tasks: lecture, demonstrates and test students (counter-demonstrate) to ensure they can practice what has been taught - Expensive teaching materials needed 09/11/2024 51  DEMONSTRATION Advantages Disadvantages - Learners are actively Time consuming engaged - Enhances students’ understanding - Encourages all-inclusive learning i.e all learning styles are involved 09/11/2024 52  Teaching methods & Learning domains Bloom’s learning taxonomy created in 1956 was revised by Anderson and Krathwohl The revised theory documented that all learning can be classified into 3 broad categories or domains. They are: 1. Cognitive domain (thinking domain) 2. Affective domain (feeling domain) 3. Psychomotor domain (skill domain) Different teaching methods are used when teaching is done within various domains 09/11/2024 53  Teaching methods & Learning domains 1. Cognitive domain involves acquiring information. - Teaching methods used to stimulate learning in this domain include: Lecture. Individualised teaching. Discussion. Illustrated lecture 2. Affective domain enhances internalization or commitment to feelings expressed as attitudes, emotions, values and beliefs. - Teaching methods used in this domain include Role-play. Case studies. Simulation. Group discussion. 09/11/2024 54  Teaching methods & Learning domains 3. Psychomotor domain enhances the acquisition of motor abilities, and capabilities to perform nursing procedures - Learning strategies used to facilitate learning include Demonstration. Lecture-demonstration 09/11/2024 55