UNIT 9 Drugs Affecting The Endocrine System PDF

Diploma in Healthcare Drugs that affect the Endocrine System Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Topic/ Chapter Learning Outcome 1. Understand the function of human endocrine system. 2. Identify types of endocrine glands and hormones sec...

Diploma in Healthcare Drugs that affect the Endocrine System Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Topic/ Chapter Learning Outcome 1. Understand the function of human endocrine system. 2. Identify types of endocrine glands and hormones secreted by each gland. 3. Define types of disorders of the endocrine system. 4. Recognize drugs used to treat disorders of endocrine system. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Endocrine System Consist of a collection of small, scattered masses of tissues which secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into extracellular fluids. Hormones are transported throughout the body by bloodstream. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Major Component of Endocrine System Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Thyroid Gland Located in the neck, in front of the trachea. Produces and secretes 2 hormones: Thyroid hormone Iodothyronine hormone Iodine is essential for the manufacture of both hormones. Deficiency of Iodine will reduce the production of both hormones. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Disease of the Thyroid Gland Two types of diseases related to thyroid hormones are: Hypothyroidism – a decrease in the amount of thyroid hormones production and secretion (too low thyroid hormones). Hyperthyroidism – an increase in the amount of thyroid hormones production and secretion (too high thyroid hormones). Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Thyroid Hormones 2 types of thyroid hormones: Natural thyroid hormones (from animals) Synthetic thyroid hormones (from chemicals) Synthetic hormones are preferred because they are more uniform in action MOA: Will increase thyroid hormones levels of the blood. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Therapeutic Use To treat hypothyroidism To treat or prevent goiters (enlargement of the thyroid gland). To treat thyroid cancer Adverse Reaction Hyperthyroidism Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Anti-Thyroid Drugs MOA: Anti-thyroid drugs inhibit the production of thyroid hormones. Do not affect existing or stored thyroid hormones. Strong iodide solution - Decrease vascularity of the thyroid gland by rapid inhibition of thyroid hormone release. Radioactive iodine - accumulates in the cells of thyroid gland and destroy thyroid cells without damaging other body cells. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Therapeutic Use To treat hyperthyroidism Administered before surgery to reduce excessive bleeding during and immediately after surgery. Selected cases of thyroid cancer. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Adverse Reactions Decreased in white blood cells Fever & skin rash Iodism (excessive iodine in the body) metallic taste Radioactive Iodine causes Nausea & vomiting Bone marrow depression Decrease in blood cells Tachycardia Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Pancreas Plays a major role in the metabolism of sugars and starches. Secretes insulin and glucagon. 1. Glucagon - raises blood sugar 2. Insulin- lowers blood sugar Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Diabetes Mellitus Insulin- hormone produced by pancreas & maintain blood glucose levels (60-120 mg/dL - normal). Insulin is released into bloodstream in response to changes in blood glucose levels. Diabetes mellitus is a complication due to insufficient insulin production by or cellular resistance to insulin. This will results in increased blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia. 2 types of diabetes mellitus: Type 1 and Type 2. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Type I Diabetes Mellitus Produce insufficient insulin Therefore must depend on insulin supplementation to survive. Has rapid onset, occurs before 20 years Treatment requires a strict regimen: carefully calculated diet planned physical activity home glucose testing (several times a day) multiple daily insulin injections Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Type II Diabetes Mellitus Affects about 90% to 95% of individuals with diabetes. Caused by either decreased production of insulin or decreased sensitivity of the cells to insulin. Most often after the age of 40 years. Risk factors: Obesity, Old age, Family history, Race, minimal/no physical activity. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Insulin Insulin- hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. Extracted & purified from beef and pork pancreas (biologically similar to human insulin). They are being replaced by synthetic insulin (human insulin) Human insulin derived from E.coli bacteria through biosynthetic process. Human insulin cause fewer allergic reactions than insulin obtained from animal source. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. MOA of Insulin Helps glucose to enter the cells of muscle and fat tissue. Increase the synthesis of glycogen by liver. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Therapeutic Use To control type 1 diabetes To control more severe type 2 diabetes. Treatment of severe diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Adverse Reactions Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose/sugar) Allergic to animal (pig or cow) insulin. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Anti-Diabetic Drugs Used to treat patients with type 2 diabetes Five types of oral anti-diabetic drugs are: Sulfonylureas Biguanides Alpha (α)-glucosidase inhibitors Meglitinides Thiazolidinediones Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. MOA of Anti-Diabetic Drugs Decrease blood glucose by: Stimulating cells of the pancreas to release more insulin. Reducing the production of hepatic glucose Increasing the insulin uptake into muscle and fat cells. Delaying the digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Adverse Reactions Hypoglycemia Numbness of extrimities Gastrointestinal upsets Decreased vitamin B12 level Nausea & vomiting Anorexia Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Gonads (Ovaries & Testes) Ovaries Are the female reproductive glands Produce eggs cell Secrete estrogen and progesterone Also secrete testosterone Testes Are the male reproductive organs Produce sperm cells Secrete testosterone Also secrete estrogen and progesterone Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Menopause Time in a woman’s life when she no longer has a menstrual cycle. Female ovaries stops to produce certain sex hormones (most notably estrogens). When ovarian function decrease, the levels of the estrogens, progesterone & testosterone decrease dramatically. These will cause interruptions to body functions Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Therapy for Menopause Hormone replacement therapy involves the introduction of exogenous (from outside) hormones to the body. The goal of therapy is to increase the circulating levels of sex hormones and the removal of all menopausal symptoms. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Testes Hormone secreted = Testosterone Functions of testosterone: Regulates development and normal functioning of sperm, male reproductive organs, male sex drive Development of male secondary sex characteristics Reduction of testosterone will effects the sperm production and male characteristics. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Hormone treatment Low testosterone levels can be treated using exogenous testosterone hormone. Types of male hormones: Testosterone gel Testosteronetransdermal system These hormones are applied on the skin surface and will be absorbed into bloodstream. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Reference Holland, LM and Adams MP. 2007. Core Concepts in Pharmacology. 2nd edition.Pearson. Hitner H and Nagle B. 2002. Basic Pharmacology. 4th edition. McGraw-Hill. Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Next Topic Drugs that affect the digestive system Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author. Thank you Address Lot 33-40, Blok C, Plaza Juta, KM 7.2 Off Jalan Tuaran, 88400 Likas, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia Telephone +6088 431 025/35 Website kk.cyberjaya.edu.my Email [email protected] Please do not reproduce, redistribute or share without the prior express permission of the author.