Unit 7, 8, 9 Devpsyc Finals PDF

UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 UNIT 7: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Middle Age: A Social Construct PHYSICAL FITNESS Though strength and coordination may decline, many middle-aged people who remain active show benefits in both psychological and physical healt...

UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 UNIT 7: MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Middle Age: A Social Construct PHYSICAL FITNESS Though strength and coordination may decline, many middle-aged people who remain active show benefits in both psychological and physical health. BASAL METABOLISM - use of energy to maintain vital functions. THE BRAIN AT MIDLIFE - The aging brain can be described in two ways: as working more slowly and as having difficulty juggling multiple tasks. In particular, the ability to ignore distractions gradually declines with age, which makes multitasking increasingly challenging. STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMIC CHANGES The concept of middle age is a social construct. It came into use in industrial societies as an increasing life span led to new roles at midlife. Middle adulthood is a time of both gains and losses. Most middle-aged people are in good physical, cognitive, and emotional condition. They have heavy responsibilities and multiple roles and feel competent to handle them. Middle age is a time for taking stock and making decisions about the remaining years. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT SENSORY FUNCTIONING PRESBYOPIA - Age-related, progressive loss of the eyes’ ability to focus on nearby objects due to loss of elasticity in the lens. MYOPIA - Nearsightedness. PRESBYCUSIS - Age-related, gradual loss of hearing, which accelerates after age 55, especially with regard to sounds at higher frequencies. Sensitivity to taste and smell generally begins to decline in midlife. Skin - less taut and smooth Hair – thinner Bones - thinner and brittle Heart disease begins to emerge Vital capacity - Amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled. SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING Although both sexes experience losses in reproductive capacity sometime during middle adulthood-women become unable to bear children and men's fertility begins to decline- sexual enjoyment continues throughout adult life. SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING INFERTILITY - Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual intercourse without the use of birth control. The most common cause of infertility in men is production of too few sperm. In some instances, an ejaculatory duct may be blocked, preventing the exit of sperm, or sperm may be unable to swim well enough to reach the cervix. A major cause of declining fertility in women after age 30 is deterioration in the quality of ova. Infertility can also result from blockage of the fallopian tubes, preventing ova from reaching the uterus. In both men and women, modifiable environmental factors are related to infertility. For example, overweight men and women are more likely to have issues with fertility. Smoking also appears to have a strong negative effect on fertility. MENOPAUSE - Cessation of menstruation and of ability to bear children. PERIMENOPAUSE - Period of several years during which a woman experiences physiological changes of menopause; includes first year after end of menstruation; also called the climacteric. SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONING GOODLUCK A18 !! ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION - Inability of a man to achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. o Diabetes, obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, depression, neurological disorders, and many chronic diseases have been implicated in ED. In addition, alcohol and drug use, as well as smoking, may contribute. Poor sexual techniques, lack of knowledge, unsatisfying relationships, andety, and stress may be contributing factors as well. SEXUAL ACTIVITY - The single most important factor determining sexual activity in midlife for women is the presence of a partner. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH HYPERTENSION - Chronically high blood pressure. DIABETES - (1) One of the most common diseases of childhood. It is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective Insulin action, or both. (2) Disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that converts sugar, starches, and other foods into energy needed for daily life. BEHAVIORAL INFLUENCES ON HEALTH - On average, individuals who smoke, are overweight, and have high blood pressure and high blood sugar have a life expectancy 4 years less than those who do not. By the same token, people who do not smoke, who exercise regularly, drink alcohol in moderation, and eat plenty of fruits and vegetables have 4 times less risk of dying in midlife and old age SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND HEALTH - People with low socioeconomic status tend to have poorer health, shorter life expectancy, more activity limitations due to chronic disease, and lower well-being than people with higher SES. GENDER AND HEALTH Women's greater longevity has been attributed to genetic protection given by the second X chromosome (which men do not have) and, before menopause, to beneficial effects of the female hormone estrogen, particularly on cardiovascular health. BONE LOSS - Most people reach peak bone mass-the greatest amount of bone they can attain-in the late teens and early 20s. Bone health is maintained by an active lifestyle, adequate vitamin D, calcium-rich foods, and an active life-style OSTEOPOROSIS - Condition in which the bones become thin and brittle as a result of rapid calcium depletion. UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 BREAST CANCER - most commonly occurs in the lobules (the glands that produce milk) and ducts (the tubes carrying milk to the nipples) of women's breasts. MAMMOGRAPHY - Diagnostic X-ray examination of the breasts. HORMONE THERAPY (HT) - Treatment with artificial estrogen, sometimes in combination with the hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent symptoms caused by decline in estrogen levels after menopause. MENTAL HEALTH AT MIDLIFE STRESS - Physical or psychological demands on a person or organism. Response to physical or psychological demands. STRESSORS - Perceived environmental demands that may produce stress. o (A positive outlook may guard against disease and buffer the impact of stress.) COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT FLUID INTELLIGENCE: Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural Influences. CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE: Type of intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the ability to remember and use learned information; it is largely dependent on education and culture. INDIVIDUATION - Is the emergence of the true self through balancing or integrating conflicting parts of the personality, including those parts that previously have been neglected. TRANSCENDENCE - To be transcendent, one must give up the image of youth and begin acknowledging mortality which would require the adult to search for a meaning with the self. Erikson (1985) believed that the years around age 40 were a time when people entered their seventh psychosocial stage: generativity versus stagnation. GENERATIVITY, as Erikson defined it, involved finding meaning through contributing to society and leaving a legacy for future generations. o Parent or Grandparent o Teaching or Mentorship o Productivity or Creativity o Self-generation or Self-development FLUID AND CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE GENERATIVITY - It can extend to the world of work, to politics, to religion, to hobbies, to art, to music, and to other spheres, or as Erikson called it, "maintenance of the world." o Self-indulgent o Self-absorbed o Stagnant In adulthood, people generally show ; Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional Stability Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experience (Kung high ang neuroticism low subjective well-being Kung high extraversion conscientiousness high subjective well-being) This is important because subjective well-being is related to personality traits,especially neuroticism. TIMING OF EVENTS MODELS EXPERTISE - Two young resident physicians in a hospital radiology laboratory examine a chest X-ray. They study an unusual white blotch on the left side. "Looks like a large tumor," one of them says finally. The other nods. Just then, a longtime staff radiologist walks by and looks over their shoulders at the X- ray. "That patient has a collapsed lung and needs immediate surgery," he declares ENCAPSULATION - In Hoyer's terminology, the process that allows expertise to compensate for declines in Information-processing ability by bundling relevant knowledge together. o Before bringing their working lives to a complete stop, people may reduce work hours or days, gradually moving into retirement over a number of years-this practice is called phase retirement. Or they may switch to another company or a new line of work, a practice called bridge employment. THEORETICAL MODELS OF CHANGE AT MIDLIFE TIMING OF EVENTS MODELS suggest that, rather than being based on years lived, development is more affected by when events occur in a person's life. THE MIDLIFE CRISIS? PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD NORMATIVE STAGE MODELS - Two early normativestage theorists whose work continues to provide a frame of reference are Carl Jung and Erik Erikson. o Carl G. Jung: Individuation and Transcendence (the inward turn). GOODLUCK A18 !! MIDLIFE CRISIS - In some normative-crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and reevaluation of one's past, typically occurring in the early to middle forties. o { ga impulsive buying na, amo na ni bga life wala pa siya diyapon goal sa iya life. Wala ka pa na satisfy. (Inaccurate representation sang midlife age)} TURNING POINT - Psychological transitions that involve significant change or transformation in the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of a person's life. o {despite to sang midlife crisis, extra marital affairs, trauma (midlife is a turning point)} MIDLIFE REVIEW - Introspective examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal and revision of values and priorities. o { diri na di ga abot ang mga regrets mo sang failures mo sang last.} EGO RESILIENT - they have the capacity to adapt to stress, flexibility to adapt to stress. UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 HIGH SCORER TRAITS - POSITIVE LOW SCORER TRAITS - NEGATIVE HIGH SCORER TRAITS o o o TIMING OF EVENTS MODELS NARRATIVE PSYCHOLOGY - Views the development of the self as a continuous process of constructing one's life story. o { gina connect ya ni ang past kag present with the future.} IDENTITY PROCESS THEORY - According to the identity process theory (IPT), physical characteristics, cognitive abilities, and personality traits are incorporated into identity schemas. IDENTITY SCHEMAS - Accumulated perceptions of the self shaped by incoming information from intimate relationships, work-related situations, and community and other experiences. o {Gina shape ang perception, memory, emotion kag ang behavioral responses (active working structure)} IDENTITY ASSIMILATION - an attempt to hold on to a consistent sense of self in the face of new experiences that do not fit an existing schema; maintains continuity of the self o (gina interpret ya ang mga mew mga information) IDENTITY - Accommodation is adjustment of the schema to fit new experiences; tends to bring about needed change. IDENTITY BALANCE - ga maintain sang stable sense of self, they seek to control what they control, gina accept ang hindi ma control sa life DIFFERENCE - Assimilation - gina put niya ang mga bag o nga ideas sa past, aligning past ideas to new ideas. - Accomodation - wala ya na gina align ang past kag new o o o LOW SCORER TRAITS o o o o POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH AT MIDLIFE o o o o o o Well-Being - Within the discipline of psychology, a subjective sense of happiness is characterized as wellbeing. o Carol Ryff and colleagues developed a model that includes six dimensions of well-being referred to as the Ryff Well-Being Inventory. Carol Ryff: Multiple Dimensions of Well-Being Psychologically healthy people have positive attitudes toward themselves and others. They make their own decisions and regulate their behavior, and they choose or shape environments compatible with their needs. AUTONOMY - Independence, positive relationship with others, being able to love and have deep relationship with others based on trusts PURPOSE IN LIFE - ga believe that imo existence may purpose, na tanan gaka tabo may meaning ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY - the capacity to grow in ur world PERSONAL GROWTH - the feeling of ongoing progress and advancement SELF ACCEPTANCE - favorable assessment, pagbaton sang imo nga flaws in life POSITIVE RELATION WITH OTHERS - Once you're psychological healthy that'll help you to have positive output in life SELF-ACCEPTANCE - Possesses a positive attitude toward the self, acknowledges and accepts multiple aspects of self. POSITIVE RELATION WITH OTHERS - Has warm, satisfying, trusting relationships with others, concerned about the welfare of others, capable of strong empathy, affection, and intimacy. AUTONOMY - Is self-determining and independent, able to resist social pressures to think and act in certain ways, regulates behavior from within, evaluates self by personal standards. ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY - Has a sense of mastery and competence in managing the environment; controls complex array of external activities, makes effective use of surrounding opportunities; able to choose or create contexts suitable to personal needs and values, PURPOSE IN LIFE - Has goals in life and a sense of directedness; feels there is meaning to present and past life, holds beliefs that give life purpose, has aims and objectives for living. PERSONAL GROWTH - Has a feeling of continued development, sees self as growing and expanding, is open to new experiences, has sense of realizing his or her potential, sees improvement in self and behavior over time. Open to new experiences, has sense of realizing his or her potential, sees improvement in self and behavior over time. o o SELF-ACCEPTANCE - Feels dissatisfied with self; is disappointed with what has occurred in past life, troubled about certain personal qualities, wishes to be different (from) what they are. POSITIVE RELATION WITH OTHERS - Has few close, trusting relationships with others, finds it difficult to be warm, open, and concerned about others; isolated and frustrated in Interpersonal relationships, not willing to make compromises to sustain important ties. AUTONOMY - Concerned about the expectations and evaluations of others; relies on judgements of others to make important decisions, conforms to social pressures to think and act in certain ways ENVIRONMENTAL MASTERY - Has difficulty managing everyday affairs; feels unable to change or Improve surrounding context, unaware of surrounding opportunities, lacks sense of control over external world. PURPOSE IN LIFE - Lacks a sense of meaning in life, has few goals or aims, lacks sense of direction, does not see purpose in past life and has no outlooks or beliefs that give life meaning. PERSONAL GROWTH - Has a sense of personal stagnation, lacks sense of Improvement or expansion over time, feels bored with an uninteresting life, feels unable to develop new attitudes or behaviors. RELATIONSHIPS AT MIDLIFE THEORIES OF SOCIAL CONTACT GOODLUCK A18 !! SOCIAL CONVOY THEORY - proposed by Kahn and Antonucci, that people move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and social support. o (Health and wellbeing sang isa ka individual ang ila support network) SOCIOEMOTIONAL SELECTIVITY THEORY - proposed by Carstensen, that people select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an aid in developing and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source of emotional well-being. o ( assume we select our friends base sa ability nila to meet our goals) UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 THE INTERACTION HAS THREE MAIN GOALS: 1. It is a source of information 2. It helps people develop and maintain a sense of self 3. It is a source of pleasure and comfort, or emotional well-being Today, social scientists who specialize in the study of aging refer to three groups of older adults: RELATIONSHIPS WITH MATURING CHILDREN THE EMPTY NEST EMPTY NEST - Transitional phase of parenting following the last child's leaving the parents' home. o (ang mga last child nag halin na sa nest sang parents. It is the time for the children to fullfil their own goal. REVOLVING DOOR SYNDROME - Tendency for young adults who have left home to return to their parents' household in times of financial, marital, or other trouble. o (ga balik sa balay sang parents kung may problema sa iya asawa) FILIAL CRISIS, in which adults learn to balance love and duty to their parents with autonomy in a two-way relationship. o (e.g si son mahatag siya inugbakal maintenance sang iya parents) SANDWICH GENERATION, may be caught in a squeeze between the competing needs of their own children and the emerging needs of their parents o (ga provide sila sang need sang ila mga parents kag ila mga bata, caregiving for their elder parents) CAREGIVER BURNOUT, a physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that can affect adults who care for aged relatives o ( sometimes we need to rest from everything and pause for a while ) 85 AND ABOVE LIFE EXPECTANCY - is the age to which a person born at a certain time and place is statistically likely to live, given their current age and health status. LONGEVITY - or actual length of life, of members of a population. LIFE SPAN - is the longest period that members of our species can live. THEORIES OF AGING SENESCENCE - Period of the life span marked by declines in physical functioning usually associated with aging; begins at different ages for different people.. GENETIC-PROGRAMMING THEORIES - Theories that explain biological aging as a result of processes that involve damage to biological systems and that vary from person to person. VARIABLE-RATE THEORIES - Theories that explain biological aging as resulting from a genetically determined developmental timetable. GRANDPARENTHOOD 75-84 PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT LONGEVITY AND AGING AGING PARENTS OLD OLD (oldest old) ADL - Activities of daily living, magkaon mag suksok bayo, magligo FUNCTIONAL AGE - How well a person functions in a physical and social environment in comparison with others of the same chronological age. o ang person na 90 years old, kag maka live pa siya independently maybe functionally healthy pa kesa sa 70 years old na may dementia GERONTOLOGY - is the study of the aged and aging processes. o gina tan aw niya na ang bigger picture, GERIATRICS - the branch of medicine concerned with aging, are concerned with differences among the elderly. o Ga focus mismo sa individual, ang impact sang population as a whole OTHER KINSHIP TIES 65-74 OLDEST OLD ADULT CHILDREN YOUNG OLD KINSHIP CARE - Care of children living without parents in the home of grandparents or other relatives, with or without a change of legal custody. o (lola mo kag lolo nag padako sa imo without support sang parents.) Programmed senescence theory. Endocrine theory. Wear-and-tear theory Immunological theory Rate-of-living theory. Evolutionary theory. Autoimmune theory Free-radical theory UNIT 8: LATE ADULTHOOD The Old Age Today Conceptualization Of Aging AGEISM - mas gina prefer ang mas hubin pa, discrimination against a person based on age PRIMARY AGING (NATURE) - Gradual, inevitable process of bodily deterioration throughout the life span. o primarital, gaka tabo inside his or her body sa self sang tawo SECONDARY AGING (NURTURE) - Aging processes that result from disease and bodily abuse and disuse and are often preventable. o gina influence sang environment, PST - switching on and off W and T - vital part wear out Endocrine - hormones control Free Radical - oxygen Immunological - immune system Evolutionary - reproduction Rate of living - metabolism GOODLUCK A18 !! Autoimmune - attack its own UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 EXTENDING THE HUMAN LIFE SPAN DEMENTIA SURVIVAL CURVE - A curve on a graph showing the percentage of people or animals alive at various ages.Vital capacity - Amount of air that can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled. Mas more ang ga survive sa age of 80 kesa sa age of 60 (survival curve) The general term for physiologically caused cognitive and behavioral decline sufficient to interfere with daily -activities. When people who live to be very old are examined, it appears that morbidity-or being in a state of disease is being compressed. JEANNE CALMENT was a French woman with the longest confirmed life spon. She lived a lotal of 122 years and 164 days. PARKINSON'S DISEASE The second most common disorder involving progressive neurological degeneration, is characterized by tremor, stiffness, slowed movement, and unstable posture. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT INTELLIGENCE AND PROCESSING ABILITIES THE WECHSLER ADULT INTELLIGENCE SCALE PHYSICAL CHANGES ORGANIC AND SYSTEMIC CHANGES ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE Progressive, irreversible, degenerative brain disorder characterized by cognitive deterioration and loss of control of bodily functions, leading to death. RESERVE CAPACITY - is the backup capacity that helps body systems function to their utmost limits in times of stress o mga back up capacity, ga nubo or ga drop ang reserve capacity kung ga tigulang ka nga ga tigulang SENSORY AND PSYCHOMOTOR FUNCTIONING VISION Cataract To measure the intelligence of older adults, researchers often use the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The WAIS is a standardized measure that allows assessment of a person's intellectual functioning at different ages. In memory, tasks that require only rehearsal show very little decline. Tasks that require reorganization or elaboration shows greater falloff. Long term memory, specifically episodic memory, is most likely to deteriorate with age, while semantic memory (or the mental encyclopedia) shows very little decline with age. Procedural memory is relatively unaffected by age though may need to compensate for age-related slowing in responses. PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Glaucoma EGO INTEGRITY VERSUS DESPAIR STRENGTH AND BALANCE FUNCTIONAL FITNESS - The ability to perform the physical activities of daily living. PHYSICAL AND MENTAL HEALTH For Erikson, the crowning achievement of late adulthood is a sense of ego integrity, or integrity of the self. In the eighth and final stage of the life span, ego integrity versus despair, older adults need to evaluate and accept their lives so as to accept death. The virtue that may develop during this stage is wisdom. Wisdom, said Erikson, means accepting the life one has lived, without major regrets, without dwelling on "might- have-beens." HEALTH STATUS For instance, poverty is related to a higher incidence of arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, depression, and stroke in the elderly. WELL-BEING DISABILITIES With age, the presence of disabilities including limitations in vision, hearing, mobility, cognition and self-care increases. PERIODONTAL DISEASE - is a chronic inflammation of the gums caused by the bacteria in plaque. It can result in tender or bleeding gums and eventual tooth loss. LIFESTYLE INFLUENCES ON HEALTH AND LONGEVITY PHYSICAL ACTIVITY A lifelong program of exercise may prevent many physical changes once incorrectly believed to be part of normal aging. Regular exercise can strengthen the heart and lungs and decrease stress. NUTRITION A healthy diet can reduce risks of obesity as well as of high blood pressure and cholesterol. PRIMARY APPRAISAL SECONDARY APPRAISAL People analyze a situation and decide, at some level, whether or not the situation is a threat to their well-being. People evaluate what can be done to prevent harm and choose a coping strategy to handle the situation. PROBLEM-FOCUSED VERSUS EMOTION-FOCUSED COPING STRATEGIES PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING MENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS COPING AND MENTAL HEALTH - Coping is adaptive thinking or behavior aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions. COGNITIVE-APPRAISAL MODEL - In the cognitiveappraisal model people respond to stressful or challenging situations on the basis of two types of analyses. DEPRESSION - Depression plays a more pervasive role in mental functional status, disability, and quality of life than do physical ailments such as diabetes or arthritis. In the cognitive-appraisal In the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy directed toward eliminating, managing, or improving a stressful situation. GOODLUCK A18 !! EMOTION-FOCUSED COPING In the cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy toward managing the emotional response to a stressful situation so as to lessen its physical or psychological impact. UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 prescriptions that reflect a society's view of what death is and what happens afterwards. MODELS OF SUCCESSFUL AGING DISENGAGEMENT THEORY VERSUS ACTIVITY THEORY DISENGAGEMENT THEORY Aging normally brings a gradual reduction in social involvement and greater preoccupation with the self. ACTIVITY THEORY States that the more active older people remain, the better they age. THANATOLOGY - the study of death and dying age. HOSPICE CARE - personal, patient- and family-centered, compassionate care for the terminally ill. PALLIATIVE CARE - relief of pain and suffering, control of symptoms, maintaining a satisfactory quality of life, and allowing the patient to die in peace and dignity. PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE CHANGES PRECEDING DEATH CONTINUITY THEORY - Emphasizes people's need to maintain a connection between past and present. SELECTIVE OPTIMIZATION WITH COMPENSATION Enables people to adapt to the changing balance by selecting fewer and more meaningful activities on which they can focus their efforts. TERMINAL DROP - or terminal decline, refers specifically to a widely observed decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death. Verbal ability Spatial reasoning PRACTICAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES RELATED TO AGING RETIREMENT AHEAD Some older adults continue to work for pay, but most are retired. However, many retired people start new careers or do part-time paid or volunteer work. Often retirement is a phased process. Older women are more likely than older men to live alone. The psychiatrist Elisabeth Kubler Ross found that most of them [dying people] welcomed an opportunity to speak openly about their condition and were aware of being close to death, even when they had not been told. DABDA PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN LATE LIFE Confronting One's Own Death DENIAL - "This can't be happening to me." Relationships are important to older people, even though frequency of social contact declines in old age. According to social convoy theory, reductions or changes in social contact in late life do not impair wellbeing because a stable inner circle of social support is maintained. According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older people choose to spend time with people who enhance their emotional well-being. ANGER - "Why me?!" BARGAINING - "If I can only live to see my daughter married, I won't ask for anything more" DEPRESSION ACCEPTANCE MARITAL AND LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS PATTERNS OF GRIEVING As life expectancy increases, so does the potential longevity of marriage. More men than women are married in late life. Marriages that last into late adulthood tend to be relatively satisfying. NONMARITAL LIFESTYLES AND RELATIONSHIPS A small but increasing percentage of adults reach old age without marrying. Never- married adults are less likely to be lonely than divorced or widowed ones. Most older adults have close friends, and those who do are healthier and happier. Older people enjoy time spent with friends more than with family, but the family is the main source of emotional and practical support. BEREAVEMENT - the loss of someone to whom a person feels close and the process of adjusting to it; can affect practically all aspects of a survivor's GRIEF - the emotional response experienced in the early phases of bereavement; also considered as a highly personal experie THE CLASSIC GRIEF WORK MODEL SHOCK AND DISBELIEF NONMARITAL KINSHIP TIES Older parents and their adult children frequently see or contact each other, are concerned about each other, and offer each other assistance. Many older parents are caregivers for adult children. Often siblings offer each other emotional support, and sometimes more tangible support as well. Sisters, in particular, maintain sibling ties. PREOCCUPATION WITH THE MEMORY OF THE DEAD PERSON RESOLUTION UNIT 9: END OF LIFE Dealing with Death and Bereavement Customs concerning disposal remembrance of the dead, transfer of possessions, and even expression of grief vary greatly from culture to culture and often are governed by religious or legal GOODLUCK A18 !! As awareness of the loss sinks in, the initial numbness gives way to overwhelming feelings of sadness and frequent crying The survivor tries to come to terms with the death but cannot yet accept it. From time to time, they may relive the feeling before the loss. These experiences diminish with time, though may recur. The final stage has arrived when the bereaved person renews interest in everyday activities, where memories of the dead person bring fond feelings mingled with sadness, rather than sharp pain and longing. UNIT 7,8,9 DEVPSYC – GWAI A18 COMMONLY EXPECTED PATTERN - mourner goes from high to low distress. ABSENT GRIEF PATTERN - mourner does not experience intense distress immediately or late. CHRONIC GRIEF PATTERN - mourner remains distressed for a long time. RESILIENCE GRIEF PATTERN - a low and gradually diminishing level of distress where they expressed acceptance of death as a natural process. ATTITUDES ABOUT DEATH AND DYING ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE. DEATH IS IRREVERSIBLE DEATH IS UNIVERSAL NONFUNCTIONAL People with a family member who committed suicide are more likely to feel guilty about the death than those with a family member who died of natural causes. MEDICAL, LEGAL, AND ETHICAL ISSUES: THE "RIGHT TO DIE" HASTENING DEATH. EUTHANASIA - means "good death" and is intended to end suffering or to allow a terminally ill person to die with dignity. PASSIVE EUTHANASIA ACTIVE EUTHANASIA Parents and other adult caregivers can help children deal with bereavement by explaining that death is final and inevitable and that they did not cause the death by their misbehavior or thoughts. Children need reassurance that they will continue to receive care from loving adults. ADULTHOOD - They are likely to be extremely frustrated and angry when struck with sudden death, injury, or potentially fatal illness, most especially when they are generally eager to live the lives they have been preparing for. MIDDLE AGE/OLDER ADULT - Middle-aged and older adults may prepare for death emotionally as well as in practical way by making a will, planning their funerals, and discussing their wishes with family and friends. According to Erikson, older adults who resolve their final critical alternative of integrity versus despair achieve acceptance both of what they have done with their lives and of their impending death. SURVIVING A SPOUSE - The stress of widowhood often affects physical and mental health. Bereavement can impair the immune system and entails higher risks of disability or hospitalization. LOSING A PARENT IN ADULTHOOD - After one to five years, following the loss of a parent, adult children will still experience emotional distress-ranging from sadness and crying to depression and thoughts of suicide. LOSING A CHILD - A parent is rarely prepared emotionally for the death of a child, no matter at what age, always comes as a cruel, unnatural shock, since (in the normal course of things) should never happen. MOURNING A MISCARRIAGE - Each person's or couple's experience of loss in unique, some may find comfort by either depending or receiving support from their partners, spouses, extended families, and even doctors. withholding or discontinuing treatment that might extend the life of a terminally ill patient (sometimes called mercy killing) involves action taken directly or deliberately to shorten a life, and it is generally illegal A mentally competent person's wishes can be spelled out in advance in a document called an advance directive (living will) which contains instructions for when and how to discontinue futile medical care. DURABLE POWER OF ATTORNEY - Legal instrument that appoints an individual to make decisions in the event of another person's incapacitation. ASSISTED SUICIDE - in which a physician or someone else helps a person bring about a self-inflicted death. Ethical arguments against assisted suicide center on two principles (1) the belief that taking a life, even with consent is wrong and (2) concern for protection of the disadvantaged. FINDING MEANING AND PURPOSE IN LIFE AND DEATH According to Kubler-Ross (1975), facing the reality of death is a key to living a meaningful life. GOODLUCK A18 !! LIFE REVIEW - is a process of reminiscence that enables a person to see the significance of their life. Life review can occur at any time. However, it may have special meaning in old age, when it can foster ego integrity according to Erikson, the final critical task of the life span.