Unit 7 Social Behaviour 2 PDF

Hormones and Behaviour Psychology 3226A Unit 7: Social Behaviour Aggression and Affiliation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Unit 7 – Part 1 Social Behaviour Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Social Behaviour Affiliative Behaviour and...

Hormones and Behaviour Psychology 3226A Unit 7: Social Behaviour Aggression and Affiliation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Unit 7 – Part 1 Social Behaviour Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Social Behaviour Affiliative Behaviour and Aggression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Social Behavior an interaction between individuals where one or more of the individuals benefit – aggressive behaviour – courtship – affiliative behaviour – parental behaviour – reproductive behaviour Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Social Behaviour aggression – behaviors that increase spacing among individuals – purposeful, goal-directed affiliation – behaviors that decrease spacing among individuals of each behaviour > - multiple examples Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Social Behaviour organization of social behaviour may change seasonally, and with other contexts e.g. seasonal changes in affiliation of female meadow voles Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.2 Female meadow voles form partner preferences during the winter meadow voles fime of to hads each other yea one To aggressive another lime of towels each othe ↳ friendly you © 2022 Oxford University Press Figure 8.1 Territories in female meadow voles © 2022 Oxford University Press  Affiliation likely evolved from sexual and parental behaviors behavior previously directed towards mates and offspring becomes socially directed hormones regulating behavior maintained (co- opted) – particularly nonapeptides (e.g. vasopressin, oxytocin) ↓ us in marumes & 9 peptids Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Nonapeptides 9-amino-acid peptides regulate reproduction across diverse taxonomic groups – important in mineral and water balance – critical for egg-laying, and parturition in mammals – also: pair-bonding, flocking, parent-offspring bonds Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.3 Evolutionary tree of the nonapeptide hormones in vertebrates © 2022 Oxford University Press  Affiliation common systems underlay social bonding, romantic love, parent-offspring bond – also linked to reward, obsessive-compulsive behaviour, and addiction e.g. some overlap in areas active during fMRI when viewing romantic partner and baby Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.4 Romantic and maternal love evoke similar brain activity © 2022 Oxford University Press  Affiliation brain regions with most activation either part of reward circuits or contain high density of nonapeptide receptors Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Affiliation feelings of positive regard for romantic partner associated with changes in oxytocin couples with highest oxytocin levels had longer- lasting relationships Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.5 Couples displaying high interactive reciprocity scores © 2022 Oxford University Press  Affiliation men in stable relationships treated with intranasal OT or control, and ranked attractiveness of photos – OT treatment: ranked partner as more attractive than unfamiliar women – no effect on other familiar women – increased neural activity in reward regions including nucleus acumbens Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.6 Oxytocin influences perception of partners inonigh ima NAc left - E © 2022 Oxford University Press  Unit 7 – Part 2 Adaptive Function of Affiliation Hormones and Affiliation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Affiliation species differences in affiliation – little affiliation, uniparental care – long term affiliation (pair bond), biparental care hormones are mechanism to facilitate affiliative behaviour and cooperation in biparental species Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Voles are a Model System for Neuroendocrinology of Affiliation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  voles voles pore - prairie voles (monogamous, biparental care, long term pair bond) s friendships and the reproductic cented in montane voles, meadow voles (polygynous, maternal care only) t mere standed version of mammals Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  voles endocrine basis of species differences? male testosterone gouadd strid > - – prairie vole - AVP-immunoreactivity intact castrate castrate + T Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  social isolation species differences in mating system predict species differences in response to isolation isolated prairie vole pups monegonas - – emit distress vocalizations – rapid elevation of CORT Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  social isolation polygenas isolated montane vole pups - – no distress vocalizations – no elevation of CORT – (will have response to other stressors) monogamous, highly affiliative species exhibit separation anxiety Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  primate separation anxiety squirrel monkeys – polygynous, large social groups, primarily within-sex interactions Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  primate separation anxiety titi monkeys – monogamous, extensive paternal care – fathers carry young Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.9 Infant titi monkeys receive most of their contact comfort from their fathers O Goural father : © 2022 Oxford University Press do more of the care  primate separation anxiety separation of squirrel monkey mother and infant for 30-60 min the social separation cortisol rise in both both mother and infant (has to - D do us specific to separation, not handling procedures no stress response to separation of adults mother-intent bend : Very specific to Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  primate separation anxiety separation of titi monkey father and infant for 60 min cortisol rise in infant (not in parents) even if mother still present no stress response to separation from mother Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  separation anxiety separation anxiety may act as a behavioral mechanism to induce affiliation, grouping and social structures specific context that elicits separation anxiety varies among species Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Unit 7 – Part 3 Social Partner Preferences L mater and unrelated indu. Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences formation of social bonds in monogamous prairie voles – “pair bond” Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences prairie voles exhibit preference (proximity) for individual they have mated with may direct aggression to unfamiliar individuals Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences social preferences can be assessed in lab setting allow socially naïve animals to interact Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences prairie voles prefer individuals they have previously associated with novel ↳ experienced livingwithPeter ? Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences partner preferences formed between mates and other individuals – individuals of same sex – non-mated, but social, individuals requires social interaction, not merely exposure to visual or olfactory cues Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences relate to stress role of corticosterone - prairie voles have baseline Cort 10-100x that of other & monogamos rodents ↳ high in males as likely more to or – Cort treatment/stress facilitates partner preference formation ↳ to cert treate or shess oppose no Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Dif corticosterone ↳ Sex -. - in in males praie – adrenalectomy eliminates partner preference formation wles (noognes) in females – adrenalectomy facilitates partner preference formation – Cort treatment inhibits partner preference formation inhibits prefere stress also porter - Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Table 8.1 The effects of steroid hormones on prairie vole partner preference -relate - take any corticostere & prefere in makes but decrease shess + cot partier it in fencles © 2022 Oxford University Press  vasopressin (AVP) O males: AVP treatment facilitates partner preference formation – in sexually experienced male voles – also facilitates increas aggression towards novel new males AVP antagonist inhibits partner preference formation ↳ interfere with ↳ prevents Vasopresin (blocks it Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  AVP and oxytocin - again females: oxytocin infusions facilitates partner preference formation in unmated females vasopressin does not a prevents oxytocin antagonist blocks partner preference following is blocks effects mating a oxytocin vasopressin antagonist does not block ↳ no effect really on parter prefere in family Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences in voles females – oxytocin increase following mating facilitates partner preference formation – similar to mother-infant bonding – stress response inhibits preference formation ↳ elevate Corticosterone Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  partner preferences in voles males – AVP and stress facilitate partner preference formation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.10(a) Social bonding is mediated by oxytocin and vasopressin in prairie voles In females, oxytocin antagonist (OTA) blocks social partner preference in some brain areas. control animal Y ~ know the he where © 2022 Oxford University Press lots of obytocin is receptors Figure 8.10(b) Social bonding is mediated by oxytocin and vasopressin in prairie voles In males, mating induced partner preferences are disrupted by AVP receptor antagonists (V1aRA) in ventral palladium. © 2022 Oxford University Press  affiliation: prairie voles physiological mechanisms underlying affiliation and partner preferences similar to those underlying mating and parent-offspring interactions modulation of stress response to novel conspecifics Gris important component sas spene Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  affiliation: other species mating system not related to V1a receptor in studies of Peromyscus and other rodent species a ↳ morogonous species however, V1a and AVP may still be involved in pair bonding in other species – human polymorphism in V1a-like receptor correlated to pair- bonding behaviour ↳ might be involve gered butfo proce volks thisin Specific area of the brain not so much monogamy has evolved many times independently with slightly different mechanisms Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  pair bonds and reward OT and AVP interact with dopamine system in prairie voles Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.11 Neurocircuitry involved in pair-bonding in prairie voles social retwell in the brain © 2022 Oxford University Press D conspeptides and depamie system interact (bonding (reurnor(  Unit 7 – Part 4 Is oxytocin the “love hormone”? Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Oxytocin Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Functional Names Using functional names obscures understanding of hormone action simplifies He or behavior ! - the oversimplification and hormone oxytocin ≠ love ↳ problem Hugh cortisol ≠ stress to not the only thing that when have stress changes we a response Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  nasal eg. Spray ↑ ease of manipulation Oxytocin - to mases it males easy study ability to administer oxytocin nasally led to several studies of pro-social effects of oxytocin treatment early results led to proposal of oxytocin treatment for social impairment (e.g. autism, postpartum depression, social anxiety) however, many early finding (e.g. increased trust) have failed to replicate Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  oxytocin studies Even meta-analyses have not had consistent statistical equivalence Whether or not oxytocin treatment induces prosocial behaviour and attitudes remains unknown (despite what you see in the news) Be catious + skptial Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Opioids and Affiliative Behaviour endogenous opioids are part of neuroendocrine reward circuitry influenced by social context (isolation or social contact) Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Opioids comfort response in chicks is affected by opioid antagonists Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.18 Contact comfort in chicks is mediated by opioids © 2022 Oxford University Press  Opioids opioids also influence social contact responses in rodents and monkeys Procter effects of in humans, opioid antagonists block positive social connectedness feelings that were induced by holding a warm object social and physical warmth perception may share common opioid-receptor mediated mechanisms Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Unit 7 – Part 6 Aggression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Aggression Can you think of three different kinds of aggression? Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Aggression Is a wolf killing a deer aggression? What about dominance behaviour within a wolf pack? What about subtweeting? Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Table 8.2 Types and tests of aggression to we nech cla be talkie nur what ne es of a windtale © 2022 Oxford University Press  Agonistic behaviour encompasses social conflict behaviour – both aggression and submission aggression and submission may be two separate behavioural entities rather than ends of a spectrum at ↳ can be displayi both the same time Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.21 Two models of agonistic behavior © 2022 Oxford University Press  Androgens Androgens are linked to aggression in many species Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.19 Male red deer fight vigorously for control of rutting areas © 2022 Oxford University Press Figure 8.20 A red deer stag with his harem © 2022 Oxford University Press Figure 8.22 Seasonal changes in red deer stags behaur All peak aggressin vl · correlate other each D ~ © 2022 Oxford University Press  Seasonal Changes in Aggression Androgens and aggression change seasonally in many species (e.g. red deer) Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only black-capped chickadees Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  chickadees spring breeding – male and female aggressively defend breeding territory late summer/early fall – young disperse – flocks form, dominance hierarchies established has ↳ adults and packing order ↳ mainter gong aggression to those who are subordik to yar Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  chickadees winter – flocks (6-12 birds) defend large territories v. other flocks – within flock social dominance interaction (pecking order) – fully regressed gonads, low testosterone but still ↳ they agressive are early spring – flock territory broken up into smaller breeding territories, territorial aggression – higher testosterone doingnot Catar ↳ (in this case ver detatos aggression triles) Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Pubertal Changes in Aggression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  puberty at onset of sexual maturity there is a rapid increase in gonadal hormones associated with increased aggression in many species castration pre-puberty reduces aggression in adults (recall bulls vs steers) Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  puberty however, in many species castration may not reduce aggression – canines and primates – e.g. Narses, Byzantine eunuch general Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  primates pubertal increase in androgens may not be associated with increased aggression in many primate species (e.g. rhesus) peri-pubertal male rhesus monkeys receive aggression from dominant males – leads to male dispersal from natal group Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  primate dispersal dispersing males may – immediately try to establish rank in new group – remain in peripheral bachelor groups sons of high rank females have lower CORT, more likely to try to immediately break into new group Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  social influences social influences can modulate development of aggressive behaviour – Syrian hamsters Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Social Influences on pubertal onset of Aggression male Syrian hamsters play fight as juveniles at sexual maturity play fighting changes to real fighting, frequency of attacks declines Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.27 The type and amount of aggression varies across development nature of aggression - mater as the - & change ove time /age days Rankbitinte © 2022 Oxford University Press  Social Influences on pubertal onset of Aggression exposure to social stress during puberty – accelerates development of adult-like offensive behaviour in males – exposure to aggression from adults early in puberty results in increased aggression post-puberty Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Sex Differences in Aggression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Sex Differences males typically exhibit greater aggression than females – true for humans – human sex differences in aggressive behavior emerge early in childhood – organizational and activational effects of hormones? – require animal studies for experiments Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  mice organization and activation of aggression – recall, 2M females more aggressive eary wi etters andregs of - – early castration reduces aggression, even with adult T treatment – early T treatment and adult T treatment increases aggression in males and females – aggression increased by organizational and activational effects of androgens Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.29 Androgens appear to have two temporal windows © 2022 Oxford University Press  Sex Differences in Play Behaviour (primates) sex differences in types of play exhibited by boys and girls nonhuman primates – sex difference in “rough-and-tumble” play and aggression – dependent on prenatal androgens, no reduction following castration in rhesus monkeys -differs from rodents ↳y perhaps pimats in gered Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Aggressive Play female rhesus monkeys treated with androgens in utero – increase in aggressive play girls with CAH – increase in aggressive and male-typical play Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  make bing by usually not always & Sex Role Reversal in some species, sex-typical roles reversed from the majority of species with make Female mals many – male parental care > - or – females aggressive, polyandrous I Huntert bigge Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Sex Role Reversal e.g. spotted sandpipers and wattled jacanas – females larger, brighter – compete for control of harem of males that incubate and care for young however, no reversal of gonadal hormone levels polyadets Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  spotted sandpipers prior to pairing, females have typical low T levels briefly following pairing there is a transient 7X increase in T increase female aggression likely not a result of differences in circulating T, but in brain sensitivity to it ↳ is receptors > no - se newdrages revesa Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Syrian hamsters females extremely aggressive female aggression modulated by housing conditions (group v. alone) and gonadal hormones (E + P) Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Syrian hamsters individual housing increases aggression indu = ↑ aggresses group housing tagy group is our overy estomize – ovx decreases aggression – ovx + E + P increases aggression Y remove give it backere they overies are Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Box 8.3 Table 1 Effects of housing condition on aggressive behavior in Syrian hamsters vormal Ovaia ten mal make a on only "contends socid © 2022 Oxford University Press  Individual Differences in Aggression Large variation among individuals in aggression – does variation in androgens result in aggression? – or does variation in aggression result in variation in androgens? Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Individual Differences correlations of aggressive behaviour with plasma androgens: – YES rats – NO mice in mice, castration reduce aggression, and standard dose of T resulted in pre-castration aggression levels – similar to effects of T on guinea pig sexual motivation Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Unit 7 – Part 7 Social Experience, Aggression and Hormones Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Social Experience Social context affects hormone levels e.g. mice that lose aggressive interaction have suppressed androgen levels, winning males have elevated androgens – recall studies in week 1 lecture Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Challenge Hypothesis Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  brachin Challenge Hypothesis in We sensor in many species of territorial birds males trapped following a simulated territorial intrusion have elevated testosterone Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only simulated territorial intrusion Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.32 Effects of an intruder on resident song sparrows’ hormone concentrations maintained at artain leds - T- levels are © 2022 Oxford University Press social situations dependy on  Challenge Hypothesis testosterone generally higher in breeding season however, individual variation very flexible – peaks during pair formation and courtship, reduction during parenting leads after hormone calleys social is Aestostere can be costly Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Challenge Hypothesis elevated T may be costly – aggressive behavior, immune suppression individuals may rapidly increase T to meet challenges rather than maintain consistently high levels Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.33 The challenge hypothesis © 2022 Oxford University Press  Challenge Hypothesis T elevated only at specific times constitutive range during non-breeding regulated, periodic range during breeding regulated, facultative range following specific events Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Challenge Hypothesis androgens elevated and depressed cyclically with periods of sexual and parental care variation in seasonal T profiles depending on extent of male-male territory competition Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Conditioned Social Defeat in resident-intruder aggression there is a home-field advantage following defeat as an intruder male hamsters are less likely to win as a resident – conditioned defeat – stress response invoked via fear conditioning -o more loss less repack Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Conditioned Social Defeat following exposure to a new competitor the HPA axis is elevated, and immune system affected Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Unit 7 – Part 9 Hormones and Aggression in Humans Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Hormones and Competition in Humans social status and competition influences hormone levels in humans in some competitive sports – victors have elevated androgens, losers suppressed – effects observed even in fans watching the game – not observed in lab lottery competition competitic but has to best hav to be physically be competitive Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  competition and T new M.D. graduates – elevated T 1-2 days following graduation ceremony – may be release from stress-induced T suppression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Hormones and Aggression in Humans most studies depend on questionnaires or self-report prison studies often have years between hormone sample and crime data must be interpreted with caution Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  androgens and aggression in general population – no correlation with androgens and aggressiveness prison populations – highest T levels in most violent individuals – higher T levels among juvenile delinquents – also similar trend in women’s prisons Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  androgens and aggression 1 do elevated androgens lead to aggression? Isk or competitive, thrill-seeking personality variables? large military study – found high T correlated with antisocial behaviour directly Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  androgens and aggression midlife lower T levels associated with increased family functioning, satisfaction with family and father-child relationships Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  androgens and aggression few studies of aggression in women – overall much lower than men no overall difference in T between women inmates and women college students however, among inmates: – violent offenders had higher T compared to women who had committed defensive crimes Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  O Figure 8.36 Relationship between testosterone concentrations in saliva and behavior of female prisoners but smal soft smalt l © 2022 Oxford University Press  androgens and aggression loose correlation - comparison of T across different professions found variation however, only statistically significant for professional football players versus ministers Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only Figure 8.37 Salivary testosterone concentrations among men in six different occupations neve competite/aggressive ? © 2022 Oxford University Press -  androgens and aggression challenge of studying effects in humans, hormones are typically measured at a different time than the aggression took place no simple relationship, but some association between androgens and aggression in men later in the course: anabolic steroid abuse and aggression Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only  Next Week Hormones and Homeostasis – Eating and Drinking Do Not Distribute - For Personal Study Use Only